@article {2736,
	title = {INTRODUCTION: Rethinking the online{\textendash}offline connection in the study of religion online},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article introduces current research on the connection between online and offline religion and map out significant questions and themes concerning how this relationship takes shape among different religious traditions and contexts. By bringing together a collection of studies that explore these issues, we seek to investigate both how the Internet informs religious cultures in everyday life and how the Internet is being shaped by offline religious traditions and communities. In order to contextualize the articles in the special issue, we offer a brief overview of how religion online has been studied over the past two decades with attention given to how the intersection of online{\textendash}offline religion has been approached. This is followed by a discussion of key questions in the recent study of the relationship between online and offline religion and significant themes that emerge in contemporary research on religious uses of the Internet. These questions and themes help contextualize the unique contributions this special issue offers to the current discourse in this area, as well as how it might inform the wider field of Internet studies. We end by suggesting where future research on religion and the Internet might be headed, especially in relation to how we understand and approach the overlap between online and offline religion as a space of hybridity and social interdependence.},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283610732_INTRODUCTION_Rethinking_the_online-offline_connection_in_the_study_of_religion_online},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and L{\"o}vheim, Mia}
}
@book {2849,
	title = {Digital Creatives and the Rethinking of Religious Authority},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Much speculation was raised in the 1990s, during the first decade of internet research, about the extent to which online platforms and digital culture might challenge traditional understandings of authority, especially in religious contexts. Digital Creatives and the Rethinking of Religious Authority explores the ways in which religiously-inspired digital media experts and influencers online challenge established religious leaders and those who seek to maintain institutional structures in a world where online and offline religious spaces are increasingly intertwined. In the twenty-first century, the question of how digital culture may be reshaping notions of whom or what constitutes authority is incredibly important. Questions asked include:

Who truly holds religious power and influence in an age of digital media? Is it recognized religious leaders and institutions? Or religious digital innovators? Or digital media users?
What sources, processes and/or structures can and should be considered authoritative online, and offline?
Who or what is really in control of religious technological innovation?
This book reflects on how digital media simultaneously challenges and empowers new and traditional forms of religious authority. It is a gripping read for those with an interest in communication, culture studies, media studies, religion/religious studies, sociology of religion, computer-mediated communication, and internet/digital culture studies.},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Digital-Creatives-and-the-Rethinking-of-Religious-Authority/Campbell/p/book/9781138370975},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A.}
}
@article {2720,
	title = {Religious Authority and the Blogosphere},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {It is often argued that the internet poses a threat to traditional forms of authority. Within studies of religion online claims have also been made that the internet is affecting religious authority online, but little substantive work has backed up these claims. This paper argues for an approach to authority within online studies which looks separately at authority: roles, structures, beliefs/ideologies and texts. This approach is applied to a thematic analysis of 100 religious blogs and demonstrates that religious bloggers use their blogs to frame authority in ways that may more often affirm than challenge traditional sources of authority.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01519.x},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A.}
}
@article {2812,
	title = {Contextualizing current digital religion research on emerging technologies},
	journal = {Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of contemporary research within the interdisciplinary arc of scholarship known as digital religion studies, in which scholars explore the intersection between emerging digital technologies, lived and material religious practices in contemporary culture, and the impact the structures of the network society have on understandings of spirituality and religiosity. Digital religion studies specifically investigates how online and offline religious spaces and practices have become bridged, blended, and blurred as religious groups and practitioners seek to integrate their religious lives with technology use within different aspects of digital culture.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hbe2.149},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and Evolvi, Giulia}
}
@article {2797,
	title = {How the iPhone became divine: new media, religion and the intertextual circulation of meaning},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {This article explores the labeling of the iPhone as the {\textquoteleft}Jesus phone{\textquoteright} in order to demonstrate how religious metaphors and myth can be appropriated into popular discourse and shape the reception of a technology. We consider the intertextual nature of the relationship between religious language, imagery and technology and demonstrate how this creates a unique interaction between technology fans and bloggers, news media and even corporate advertising. Our analysis of the {\textquoteleft}Jesus phone{\textquoteright} clarifies how different groups may appropriate the language and imagery of another to communicate very different meanings and intentions. Intertextuality serves as a framework to unpack the deployment of religion to frame technology and meanings communicated. We also reflect on how religious language may communicate both positive and negative aspects of a technology and instigate an unintentional trajectory in popular discourse as it is employed by different audiences, both online and offline.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444810362204},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and La Pastina, Antonio C.}
}
@article {2758,
	title = {Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet among bounded religious communities:},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups{\textquoteright} creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three critical areas of negotiation are explored: (1) social control; (2) sources of authority; and (3) community boundaries. Examining these tensions illuminates a detailed process of self-evaluation which leads religious stakeholders and internet entrepreneurs to form these digital enclaves in order to negotiate the core beliefs and constraints of their offline communities online. These offer spaces of safety for members within the risk-laden tracts of the internet. Examining the tensions accompanying the emergence of these religious websites elucidates community affordances as well as the challenges to the authority that integration of new media poses to closed groups and societies.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443711404464},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and Golan, Oren}
}
