@article {2115,
	title = {Interview with Rosalind I. J. Hackett on religion and digital media trends in Africa},
	journal = {{\'E}mulations. Revue de sciences sociales},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {125-133},
	abstract = {On October 21st, 2017, the editors of this special issue conducted an interview with Rosalind I. J. Hackett, one of the pioneering scholars in the field of media and religion in Africa. The interview took place via Skype and consisted of five questions on the study of religion and digital media in the African context.},
	keywords = {Africa, digital media, religion},
	url = {http://www.revue-emulations.net/archives/24-les-acteurs-religieux-africains-numerique/interview-with-rosalind-i-j-hackett},
	author = {Hackett, Rosalind I. J and Madore, F and Millet-Mouity, P}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	journal = {Diogenes},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {67-76},
	abstract = {Emergent scholarship on the most radical technological invention of our time confirms what most of us know from first-hand experience {\textendash} that the internet has fundamentally altered our perceptions and our knowledge, as well as our sense of subjectivity, community and agency (see for example Vries, 2002: 19). The American scholar of religion and communications, Stephen O{\textquoteright}Leary, one of the first scholars to analyze the role of the new media for religious communities, claims that the advent of the internet has been as revolutionary for religious growth and dissemination as was the invention of the printing press (O{\textquoteright}Leary, 1996). In the present essay, I consider the transformations of both religion, and by extension scholarship on religion, occasioned by computer-mediated communication (CMC) and information. I lay out a basic framework for analyzing the multifunctionality of the internet with regard to religion. I also briefly address the multidisciplinarity required to comprehend this multi-dimensional technological revolution. My primary focus is religious uses (Lawrence, 2000), but some reference is also made to religious perceptions of this new medium. In my broader research, I am particularly interested in some of the latest forms of internet applications by religious individuals and organizations, and their consequence for inter-religious conflict or harmony in what sociologist Manuel Castells calls our {\textquoteleft}global network society{\textquoteright} (Castells, 1997; Hackett, 2003, 2005). The information technology revolution and the restructuring of late capitalist economies have generated this new form of society. But as to whether the internet is predominantly utopian or dystopian is hard to discern, conclusions may be determined by one{\textquoteright}s own interests and vantage-point.},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	url = {http://dio.sagepub.com/content/53/3/67.citation},
	author = {Rosalind I. J. Hackett}
}
@book {182,
	title = {Religion on the Internet: Research Prospects and Promises},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {JAI Press/Elsevier Science},
	organization = {JAI Press/Elsevier Science},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion on the Internet is the first systematic inquiry into the nature, scope and content of religion in cyberspace. Contributors to this volume include leading social scientists engaged in systematic studies of how organizations and individuals are presenting religion on the Internet. Their combined efforts provide a conceptual mapping of religion in cyberspace at this moment. The individual papers and collective insights found in this volume add up to a valuable agenda of research that will enrich understanding of this new phenomenon. Among the contributors are the founders of three of the most important scholarly religion web sites on the Internet: American Religion Data Archive, Religious Tolerance, and Religious Movements Homepage.
Religion and the Internet is essential reading for all who seek to understand how religion is being presented on the Internet and how this topic is likely to unfold in the years ahead.},
	keywords = {internet, religion, Research},
	url = {http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cipr/image/304.pdf},
	author = {Hadden, Jeffery and Cowan, Douglas}
}
@article {449,
	title = {THE CONSUMER JIHAD: BOYCOTT FATWAS AND NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB},
	journal = {International Journal of Middle East Studies},
	volume = {44},
	number = {45-70},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	abstract = {This article deals with the origins, development, and popularity of boycott fatwas. Born of the marriage of Islamic politics and Islamic economics in an age of digital communications, these fatwas targeted American, Israeli, and Danish commodities between 2000 and 2006. Muftis representing both mainstream and, surprisingly, radical tendencies argued that jihad can be accomplished through nonviolent consumer boycotts. Their argument marks a significant development in the history of jihad doctrine because boycotts, construed as jihadi acts, do not belong to the commonplace categories of jihad as a {\textquotedblleft}military{\textquotedblright} or a {\textquotedblleft}spiritual{\textquotedblright} struggle. The article also demonstrates that boycott fatwas emerged, to a large degree, from below. New media, in particular interconnected computer networks, made it easier for laypersons to drive the juridical discourse. They did so before September 11 as well as, more insistently, afterward. Their consumer jihad had some economic impact on targeted multinationals, and it provoked corporate reactions.},
	keywords = {fatwa online, internet and religion, Islam, jihad},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8480777\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S0020743811001243},
	author = {Leor Halevi}
}
@unpublished {2138,
	title = {Network Sociality and Religion in the Digital Age},
	publisher = {Queen{\textquoteright}s University Kingston},
	address = {Ontario, Canada},
	abstract = {The study of religion through a community-building paradigm has dominated sociology of religion, but does not account for changes to sociality and social spaces in the digital era which have influenced the ways individuals express their religiosity. A network sociality paradigm better explains increasingly personal and individualised approaches to religiosity in a contemporary social setting because of the de-hierarchized nature of computer mediated communication. Approaching religion, and digital religion through the lens of mediatised network sociality reveals the development of new groups and identities using the internet as an accessible translocal socio-cultural space.},
	keywords = {digital age, religion, sociality},
	url = {https://www.queensu.ca},
	author = {Halprin, E}
}
@article {1297,
	title = {Mediated Martyrs of the Arab Spring: New Media, Civil Religion, and Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {312},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the emergence of nationalist martyr narratives and their dissemination via new media as forces for social mobilization and political change. Situating them in the religio-historical contexts of North Africa, we trace martyr narratives in Tunisia and Egypt back to pre-Islamic periods and compare them to the contemporary stories of Mohamed Bouazizi and Khaled Saeed. This reveals the impact of new media on the region, evident in {\textquotedblleft}virtual reliquaries,{\textquotedblright} and the role that martyr narratives play as catalysts in social mobilization. The trajectory of the martyr narrative from the traditional religious context to the state-driven concept of civil religion allows for the political dimension of narratives resident within the religious context to surface in the contemporary discursive moment.},
	keywords = {Civil Religion, Egypt, martyr narratives, Narrative, New Media, political change, Tunisia, virtual reliquaries},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12017/abstract;jsessionid=E24465C217B6F163E3838A3BAC3882B9.f01t01?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=\&userIsAuthenticated=false},
	author = {Jeffry R. Halverson and Scott W. Ruston and Angela Trethewey}
}
@article {1198,
	title = {Mediated Martyrs of the Arab Spring: New Media, Civil Religion, and Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {312},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the emergence of nationalist martyr narratives and their dissemination via new media as forces for social mobilization and political change. Situating them in the religio-historical contexts of North Africa, we trace martyr narratives in Tunisia and Egypt back to pre-Islamic periods and compare them to the contemporary stories of Mohamed Bouazizi and Khaled Saeed. This reveals the impact of new media on the region, evident in {\textquotedblleft}virtual reliquaries,{\textquotedblright} and the role that martyr narratives play as catalysts in social mobilization. The trajectory of the martyr narrative from the traditional religious context to the state-driven concept of civil religion allows for the political dimension of narratives resident within the religious context to surface in the contemporary discursive moment.},
	keywords = {Arab Spring, Civil Religion, Contemporary Religious Community, Mediated Martyrs, Narrative, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication},
	doi = {10.1111/jcom.12017},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12017/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=\&userIsAuthenticated=false},
	author = {Jeffry R. Halverson and Scott W. Ruston and Angela Trethewey}
}
@book {2179,
	title = {The Dot On the I In History: Of Gentiles and Jews{\textemdash}a Hebrew Odyssey Scrolling the Internet},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Lulu Press},
	organization = {Lulu Press},
	abstract = {The inspiration author Michael B. Hammer received when speaking with others about the Israeli-Palestinian problem led to The Dot on the I in History: On Gentiles and Jews{\textemdash}Scrolling the Internet with the goal of helping others better understand the problem. When the issues involve intertribal, interracial, interreligious, and international human relationships lasting over several generations, they often become so complex one does not see the forest for trees, unless one knows where and when the seeds were planted. That is what history is all about. This book aspires to explain what Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have in common, how they differ, and how they have evolved. You{\textquoteright}ll also learn how the Internet has affected and changed those involved in the Middle East conflict. With this information, you will have a better understanding of the real reasons for such world-changing events as what took place on 9/11.},
	keywords = {Hebrew, internet, Jews},
	issn = {9781483427003},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=63JGDwAAQBAJ\&dq=Internet+and+Jews\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Hammer, M.B}
}
@book {137,
	title = {thelordismyshepherd.com: Seeking God in Cyberspace},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Simcha Press.},
	organization = {Simcha Press.},
	address = {Deerfield Beach, FL},
	abstract = {thelordismyshepherd.com opens a new and necessary dialogue on the soul of cyberspace. It will change the way people think about their computers, about God, about the future and about the interconnected destiny of humanity in this ever-shrinking world. The author, a noted rabbi and journalist, alternates between analytic and experiential approaches to the subject, escorting the reader on a multi-dimensional quest for spiritual and intellectual growth - a "virtual pilgrimage" if you will. A pilgrimage that travels tens of thousands of miles in a matters of instants, from Jerusalem to Mecca, to Chartres, even to Kosovo, and provides a new means of utilizing the vast power of technology to connect us to God and to transcend the artificial boundaries that separate us.},
	keywords = {cyberspace, God, Seeking},
	author = {Hammerman, Joshua}
}
@article {2857,
	title = {Wear White: The mediatized politics of religious anti-LGBT activism in Singapore},
	journal = {Nordic journal of religion and society},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {As a result of the perceived rise in LGBT visibility and acceptance in Singapore, a social media campaign started in 2014 called Wear White, which brought together both Muslim and Christian participants to counter the annual Pink Dot rally. This is Singapore{\textquoteright}s version of (gay) pride parades, which are held in major cities all across the world. This article aims to analyze this religious backlash against LGBT, paying attention to its {\textquotedblleft}media logic,{\textquotedblright} a term borrowed from the {\textquotedblleft}mediatization{\textquotedblright} literature, and presenting it as a framework to understand the politicization of religion in the context of the Singapore state. It asks: (1) What sorts of intellectual arguments and aesthetic techniques are deployed in Wear White{\textquoteright}s media discourse? (2) How does Wear White{\textquoteright}s media discourse balance its anti-LGBT message within the secular(ist) context of Singapore? (3) How does social media affect Wear White{\textquoteright}s message in its attempt to bring it to a larger audience? To this end, the article engages in a critical assessment of Wear White{\textquoteright}s media discourse of the campaign, including video logs (vlogs) and social media posts.
},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331996394_Wear_white_The_mediatized_politics_of_religious_anti-LGBT_activism_in_Singapore},
	author = {Han, Samuel}
}
@book {2801,
	title = {Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the Sacred in a Post-secular Modernity},
	series = {Routledge},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Bringing together empirical cultural and media studies of religion and critical social theory, Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the sacred in a post-secular modernity investigates powerful entanglement of religion and new media technologies taking place today, taking stock of the repercussions of digital technology and culture on various aspects of religious life and contemporary culture more broadly. Making the argument that religion and new media technologies come together to create "spheres"{\textemdash}environments produced by an architecture of digital technologies of all sorts, from projection screens to social networking sites, the book suggests that prior social scientific conceptions of religious worship, participation, community and membership are being recast. Using the case of the strain of American Christianity called "multi-site," an emergent and growing church-model that has begun to win favor largely among Protestants in the last decade, the book details and examines the way in which this new mode of religiosity bridges the realms of the technological and the physical. Lastly, the book situates and contextualizes these developments within the larger theoretical concerns regarding the place of religion in contemporary capitalism. Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the sacred in a post-secular modernity offers an important contribution to the study of religion, media, technology and culture in a post-secular world.},
	isbn = {9780815368748},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Technologies-of-Religion-Spheres-of-the-Sacred-in-a-Post-secular-Modernity/Han/p/book/9780815368748},
	author = {Han, Sam}
}
@article {2687,
	title = {Disenchantment revisited: Formations of the {\textquoteleft}secular{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}religious{\textquoteright} in the technological discourse of modernity},
	journal = {Social Compass},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {This article problematizes sociologist Max Weber{\textquoteright}s famed notion of {\textquoteleft}disenchantment{\textquoteright} in order to explore the ways in which {\textquoteleft}technology{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}religion{\textquoteright} operate in the discourse of {\textquoteleft}secular modernity{\textquoteright}. It suggests that disenchantment is not simply epistemological, that is, synonymous with rationalization and intellectualization, but also ontological, and a description of the overhauling of what Bruno Latour calls the {\textquoteleft}modernist settlement{\textquoteright}. It proceeds in following manner: (1) it presents an {\textquoteleft}interpretive genealogy{\textquoteright} of technological rationality in discourses about modernity, demonstrating an internal conflict, especially in how {\textquoteleft}religion{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}the secular,{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}technology{\textquoteright} are conceptualized. It posits that the lack of consistency in the invocation of these terms is a symptom of a deeper unresolved ontological (or, onto-cosmological) tension. (2) After establishing this ontological aporia, the article proceeds to offer a rereading of Weber{\textquoteright}s original concept of disenchantment. (3) Finally, the author teases out some of the implications of reading disenchantment ontologically for the understanding of religion and technology.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0037768614560960},
	author = {Han, Sam}
}
@inbook {143,
	title = {Bible Reading and Critical Thinking},
	booktitle = {Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {77-94},
	publisher = {University Press of America},
	organization = {University Press of America},
	address = {Landham, MD},
	abstract = {In Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media, Charles Ess collects contemporary scholarship to address the question: What does critical thinking about the Bible mean as the Bible is _transmediated_ from print to electronic formats? This volume, the first of its kind, is made up of contributions originally developed for a conference sponsored by the American Bible Society. Ess provides a collection grounded in a wide diversity of religious traditions and academic disciplines--philosophy, biblical studies, theology, feminism, aesthetics, communication theory, and media studies. His introduction summarizes the individual chapters and develops their broader significance for contemporary debates regarding media, postmodernism, and the possible relationships between faith and reason.},
	keywords = {Bible, Critical thinking, postmodernism},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=BbabHjKHGE0C\&pg=PA77\&lpg=PA77\&dq=Bible+Reading+and+Critical+Thinking+Hardmeier\&source=bl\&ots=aN0NlENhsf\&sig=33jdVzCpd2VI_4Q8NTU_ki8Cu7I\&hl=en\&ei=RXOwTrLLI4atsAK76M3CAQ\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=1\&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA},
	author = {Hardmier, Chris}
}
@article {2864,
	title = {The representation of Islam within social media: a systematic review},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This systematic review was carried out to provide insights into how Islam has been represented in social media; and the omissions and gaps in the synthesized literature on the topic. Two databases {\textendash} Scopus and the Web of Science {\textendash} were explored to collect data. Primary searches between 2010 and 2019, revealed more than 100 studies dealing with the topic of investigation. After scrutinizing abstracts and removing duplicates, 36 studies came within the research criteria and were retained for analysis. A thematic analysis was conducted for the derivation of themes. The themes that emerged were: (1) Islam as a liberal religion; (2) Islam as a religion of extremism and terrorism; (3) Islam as religion of gender discrimination; (4) Islam as a religion of collective identity; and (5) Islam as a humane religion. Although the representation of Islam in social media is wide-ranging, more empirical studies found that social media users represent Islam negatively than studies which revealed positive view of Islam by social media users.
},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1847165?journalCode=rics20},
	author = {Hashmi, Umair Munir and Rashid, Radzuwan Ab and Ahmad, Mohd Kamil}
}
@article {2154,
	title = {IMPACT OF INTERNET OF THINGS ON DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIMS},
	journal = {Al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-12},
	abstract = {The Internet of Things (IoT) is a modern technology that is expected to bring significant impact in the information technology world. IoT generally refers to all electronic devices communicating through the internet. IoT is expected to transform existing modern technology from smartphones to smart environments such as smart watches for health monitoring, smart electricity grid, smart cars and drones for agricultural automation and monitoring of progress at construction sites. IoT technology is expected to mature in 2020 where at that time 33 billion devices will connect and generate 40 Zetabyte data. The development of this IoT promotes active life routines as well as scraping the normal life of the Muslim ummah gradually. In addition to this great technology, it is worrying of the extent to which the preparation and readiness of Muslims to accept the presence of IoT in their daily activities. Hence, this paper will discuss on the preparation and effects of IoT{\textquoteright}s presence in the development of Islam in all aspects such as social, humanitarian and economics based on scientific materials and reliable source of reference. Methodology used was mixed method; quantitatively and qualitatively. First phase was conducted by collecting data from questionnaire which involved 30 respondents in Faculty of Electrical Engineering UTM. Qualitative data collected in second phase using document analysis, where the data was collected from books and journal articles. The result of this paper is expected to help and provide reference for Muslims to meet this great technology and be prepared with the great impact of this IoT in the daily lives of Muslims.},
	keywords = {Internet of Things, Modern Technology, Muslim World},
	url = {http://www.al-qanatir.com/index.php/qanatir/article/view/91},
	author = {Hassan, A.M and Ripin, M.N and Haron, Z and Mohd Nor, N. H and Hehsan, A and Tahir, N and Dahlan, A. D}
}
@inbook {1252,
	title = {Ultima IV: Simulating the Religious Quest},
	booktitle = {Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games With God},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	organization = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	chapter = {2},
	keywords = {Britannia, messianic figure, quest, religion, religious games, religious video games, Spirituality, Ultima, video games},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=GomyEvcocJsC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q=wagner\&f=false},
	author = {Mark Hayse}
}
@article {1168,
	title = {Searching for Integrity: The Politics of Mindfulness in the Digital Economy},
	journal = {Nomos Journal},
	year = {2013},
	month = {August 5, 2013},
	chapter = {http://nomosjournal.org/2013/08/searching-for-integrity/},
	abstract = {This essay examines the adaptation of meditation, yoga, and other {\textquotedblleft}mindfulness{\textquotedblright} techniques by digital media companies like Google, Apple, and Facebook. This adaptation is ironic, considering that many critics and scholars suggest that the products and services offered by these companies undermine the achievement of mindfulness. In fact, some critics call for mindfulness training specifically to counter-act the cognitive impacts of smartphones, social media, and personalized search engines. I argue that we should understand this irony as an outgrowth of the process of externalization in market capitalism. In this case, Silicon Valley companies create {\textquotedblleft}integrity bubbles{\textquotedblright} that allow employees and executives to reap the benefits of mindfulness, while externalizing the problems of distraction and fragmentation. The resolution of this tension would mean the reconfiguration of the digital economy as we know it, in the spirit of {\textquotedblleft}digital humanism.{\textquotedblright} This goal requires a more holistic approach to the politics of mindfulness that examines both personal and civic mindfulness, the latter of which includes a contemplative approach to critical media studies and the revitalization of journalism as a public good.},
	keywords = {contemplative media studies, Edward Snowden, Google, integrity, journalism, mindfulness},
	issn = {2165-8668},
	url = {http://nomosjournal.org/2013/08/searching-for-integrity/},
	author = {Healey, Kevin}
}
@article {330,
	title = {Exploring the religious frameworks of the digital realm: Offline-Online-Offline transfers of ritual performance},
	journal = {Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {Looking at the constantly growing field of religion online, the shifts in and the new definition of religious frameworks become an increasingly important topic. In the field of religious rituals, it is not only the participant, location and conduction of the ritual that is affected by this shift; also the researchers have to overthrow their former theologically resp. systemic based definition of religiousness and spirituality due to the fact that on the Internet, religion is defined and realized in a completely different way by its participants. This is true even in the field of Christianity as the example of a ritual created by some British {\quotedblbase}Emerging Church{\textquotedblleft} groups shows. 
These loosely defined groups which span all denominational borders of the Christian spectrum have been established since the late 1980s mainly in the UK in order to organize church services they refer to as {\quotedblbase}Alternative Worship{\textquotedblleft}. The Internet plays an important role as a platform of communication and (self-)organization of the members and as technically and aesthetically challenging means of (re)presentation. Some events that were conducted in real life, like the multimedia labyrinth installation in St Paul{\textquoteleft}s cathedral in 2000, have even been {\quotedblbase}reconstructed{\textquotedblleft} in virtual space , generating a new form of worship. 
Interestingly but not unexpectedly, these transfer processes entail consequences for spirituality in real life. What exactly happens during the transfer into the digital realm? What are the interdependencies between offline and online and how do they affect worship and worshippers? These questions will be followed, employing the results and ideas of modern Ritual and Religious Studies, sheding light on a new field of (post)modern Christianity.
},
	keywords = {Communication, information, methodology, Ritual, study of religion, technology},
	url = {http://www.digitalislam.eu/article.do?articleId=1703},
	author = {Heidbrink , S}
}
@inbook {397,
	title = {Performing Rituals in Virtual Worlds {\textendash} A Contested Field},
	booktitle = {RItual, Media, and Conflict},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Rituals can provoke or escalate conflict, but they can also mediate it and although conflict is a normal aspect of human life, mass media technologies are changing the dynamics of conflict and shaping strategies for deploying rituals. This collection of essays emerged from a two-year project based on collaboration between the Faculty of Religious Studies at Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands and the Ritual Dynamics Collaborative Research Center at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. An interdisciplinary team of twenty-four scholars locates, describes, and explores cases in which media-driven rituals or ritually saturated media instigate, disseminate, or escalate conflict. Each multi-authored chapter is built around global and local examples of ritualized, mediatized conflict. The book{\textquoteright}s central question is: "When ritual and media interact (either by the mediatizing of ritual or by the ritualizing of media), how do the patterns of conflict change?"},
	keywords = {ritualized media, Rituals, Virtual},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=JX_IhpLDygQC\&pg=PA3\&lpg=PA3\&dq=Ritual,+Media+and+Conflict\&source=bl\&ots=1iFZveKmse\&sig=kQO2xAWWQ6CEGp-UvMpqfAgypnc\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=-lksT9GkHeLE2wWojMiJDw\&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA$\#$v=onepage\&q=Ritual\%2C\%20Media\%20and\%20Conflict\&f=false},
	author = {Heidbrink , S and Radde-Antweiler, K. and Miczek, N}
}
@article {489,
	title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.},
	keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {144,
	title = {Diaspora on the electronic frontier: Developing virtual connections with sacred homelands},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself.
},
	keywords = {electronic frontier, Online, Sacred, virtual communities},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/helland.html},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {224,
	title = {Surfing for Salvation},
	journal = {Religion},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {293-302},
	abstract = {I demonstrate that despite the enormous amount of religion on the Internet, a general classification can be developed based upon the religious participation occurring at the various websites. I recognise these classifications as {\textquoteleft}religion-online{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}online-religion{\textquoteright}. Religion-online presents information about religion. It is a controlled environment. The site has been structured to limit participation. In contrast, online-religion provides an interactive religious environment for the web practitioner. Because of this difference, individuals and organisations have different perceptions concerning how the Internet should be used for religious purposes. In many cases there is an active form of religious participation occurring. Rituals are conducted, prayers are posted and even communion is carried out on this medium. In other situations the Internet presents material concerning religion to a passively receptive audience. Despite these levels of control, the web surfer is exposed to an enormous number of belief systems and also varying levels of online religious participation.},
	keywords = {Classification, Participation, Perception, Purpose, religion online},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com/research/surfing-for-salvation/$\#$},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {487,
	title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.},
	keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@inbook {275,
	title = {Canadian Religious Diversity Online: A Network of Possibilities},
	booktitle = {Religion and Diversity in Canada},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {127-148},
	publisher = {Brill Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Brill Academic Publishers},
	address = {Boston},
	abstract = {Canada officially prides itself on being a multicultural nation, welcoming people from all around the world, and enshrining that status in its Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as in an array of laws and policies that aim to protect citizens from discrimination on various grounds, including race, cultural origin, sexual orientation, and religion. This volume explores the intersection of these diversities, foregrounding religion as the primary focus of analysis. Taking as their point of departure the contested meaning and implications of the term diversity, the various contributions address issues such as the power relations that diversity implies, the cultural context that limits the understanding and practical acceptance of religious diversity, and how Canada compares in these matters to other countries. Taken together the essays therefore elucidate the Canadian case while also having relevance for understanding this critical issue globally.},
	keywords = {Canada, culture, diversity, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=79bUL99FnVUC\&pg=PA127\&lpg=PA127\&dq=Canadian+Religious+Diversity+Online:+Network+of+Possibilities\&source=bl\&ots=rOhSBr_4tC\&sig=dkyQ6cs6cNZaqRdO4XYGpfWek9g\&hl=en\&ei=BxfoTrObO-jHsQKAleiCCQ\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {491,
	title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.},
	keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {490,
	title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.},
	keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@inbook {225,
	title = {Online-Religion/Religion-Online and Virtual Communities},
	booktitle = {Religion on the Internet: Research prospects and promises},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {205-223},
	publisher = {JAI Press},
	organization = {JAI Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	keywords = {Online-religion, religion-online, virtual communities},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=iS80IHp0cDwC\&pg=PA105\&lpg=PA105\&dq=Online-religion/religion-online+and+virtual+communitas\&source=bl\&ots=gwOoakhqVV\&sig=_vZdggLUGLfNebPjfzacEuvReLA\&hl=en\&ei=l1y8ToPTOqfO2gWDhp2aBQ\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=6\&ved=},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@inbook {410,
	title = {Popular religion and the internet. a match made in (cyber)heaven},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {23-35},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Helland, C}
}
@article {2745,
	title = {Game Cultures as Sub-Creations. Case Studies on Religion \& Digital Play},
	journal = {Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {As online and offline spaces, digital and analogue worlds merge into each other and saturate our everyday lives, concepts of reality and its social construction need re-thinking. Digital game cultures, formerly often regarded as not only separate from reality, but also secondary in their importance for ,real life', can give us insight into processes of cultural construction und re-construction, relevant for our mediatised society in general.
This paper analyzes digital game cultures as sub-creations (Tolkien 1947) that are consistent, significant and serve as comments on and additions to society. Focusing on religious elements in digital games, the paper states that game cultures reflect cultural practice in general and therefore contribute to the social construction of reality in essential ways.
The paper is based on the results of several case studies on digital games during which a system to categorize digital games concerning the way they use religious elements was developed, going beyond existing game categories.
The paper will introduce these classifications in order to support the assumption that religion in games can be seen not only as a key element in game cultures, but also as a reflection of social attitude towards and social status of religion in a wider prospect. Following this assumption, the paper will show how the analysis of digital games and their religious contents can help us observe and understand processes of social reality construction that might not be accessible or visible in other social contexts.},
	url = {https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/12161},
	author = {Hemminger, Elke}
}
@article {145,
	title = {The Future of ARIL in the Information Age},
	year = {1996},
	url = {http://www.crosscurrents.org/cyberspace.html},
	author = {Henderson, Charles. H}
}
@article {184,
	title = {New Religions and the Internet: Recruiting In A New Public Sphere},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religions  },
	volume = {14},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {17-39},
	abstract = {The mass suicide of 39 members of Heaven{\textquoteright}s Gate in March of 1997 led to public fears about the presence of {\textquoteright}spiritual predators{\textquoteright} on the world wide web. This paper describes and examines the nature of these fears, as reported in the media. It then sets these fears against what we know about the use of the Internet by new religions, about who joins new religious movements and why, and the social profile of Internet users. It is argued that the emergence of the Internet has yet to significantly change the nature of religious recruitment in contemporary society. The Internet as a medium of communi- cation, however, may be having other largely unanticipated effects on the form and functioning of religion, both old and new, in the future. Some of the potential perils of the Internet are discussed with reference to the impact of this new medium on questions of religious freedom, community, social pluralism, and social control.},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13537909908580850},
	author = {Hennerby, Jennifer and Dawson, Lorne}
}
@article {2119,
	title = {Digital Traces in Context - An Introduction},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication },
	volume = {12},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {A consequence of living in a media-saturated world is that we inevitably leave behind digital traces of our media use. In this introduction to the International Journal of Communication{\textquoteright}s thematic section, we argue for a need to put those digital traces in context. As a starting point, we outline our basic understanding of digital traces, generally defining them as numerically produced correlations of disparate kinds of data
that are generated by our practices in a media environment characterized by digitalization. On this basis, we distinguish three contextual facets that are of relevance when considering digital traces: first, the context of the scientific discourse in which research on digital traces is positioned; second, the context of the methods being applied to researching them; and third, the aforementioned context of the empirical field. With reference to the articles in this thematic section, this introduction argues that, in a single study, all three contextual facets interact as the scientific discourse relates to the methods being used, which in turn relates to the entire field of research. },
	keywords = {big data, contextualization, datafication, deep mediatization, digital methods, digital traces},
	url = {http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8650},
	author = {Hepp, A and Breiter, A and Friemel, T}
}
@inbook {2136,
	title = {Rethinking Transforming Communications: An Introduction},
	booktitle = {Communicative Figurations},
	number = { Transforming Communications {\textendash} Studies in Cross-Media Research},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3-13},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan, Cham},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan, Cham},
	abstract = {This chapter introduces the contributions to this volume in three stages. First, it is argued that when considering the present stage of deep mediatization, it is insufficient to concentrate solely on the media as such: one also has to consider how communication transforms with changing media. It is by virtue of the change in human communicative practices together with other social practices that processes of social construction change. This is what is called transforming communications. Second, the chapter outlines why it is helpful to take a figurational approach for researching such transforming communications. The term figuration goes back to Norbert Elias, who used it to describe structured interrelations between humans. However, for the analysis in question, it is extended to reflect questions of communication. Finally, this introduction provides an overview of the arguments presented in the following chapters.},
	keywords = {Communication, mediatization},
	issn = {978-3-319-65583-3},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65584-0_1$\#$citeas},
	author = {Hepp, A and Breiter, A and Hasebrink, U}
}
@article {2682,
	title = {Theorizing religion and media in contemporary societies: An account of religious {\textquoteleft}publicization{\textquoteright}},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article argues that a combination of the rapid development and dissemination of media technologies, the liberalization of national media economies and the growth of transnational media spheres is transforming the relationship between religion, popular culture and politics in contemporary societies in ways not adequately accounted for in existing sociological theories of religion (secularization, neo-secularization and rational choice) and still largely neglected in sociological theories of media and culture. In particular, it points to a series of media enabled social processes (de-differentiation, diasporic intensification and re-enchantment) which mirror and counter processes identified with the declining social significance of religion in secularization theory (differentiation, societalization and rationalization), interrupting their secularizing effects and tending to increase the public presence or distribution of religious symbols and discourses, a process described as religious {\textquoteleft}publicization{\textquoteright}. These processes have implications for religious authority, which is reconfigured in a more distributed form but not necessarily diminished, contrary to neo-secularization theory. Furthermore, contrary to rational choice theory, the increased public presence of religion depends not only on competition between religious {\textquoteleft}suppliers{\textquoteright}, but also on the work done by religions beyond the narrow religious sphere ascribed by secular modernity to religion, in supposedly secular spheres such as entertainment, politics, law, health and welfare and hence has implications for the relationship between politics and popular culture central to cultural studies.},
	keywords = {media change},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1367549411419981},
	author = {Herbert, David E. J.}
}
@inbook {146,
	title = {Virtual as Contextual: A Net news theology},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {149-165},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. 
Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&pg=PA149\&lpg=PA149\&dq=Virtual+as+Contextual:+A+Net+news+theology\&source=bl\&ots=0g7sSxYxpG\&sig=ANypZIjc-zolOvIM4wsPrACf9rc\&hl=en\&ei=F3WwTumLMoWesQKQ28HMAQ\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=3\&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg$\#$},
	author = {Herring, Debbie}
}
@inbook {1277,
	title = {What Scripture Tells me: Spontaneity and Regulation within the Catholic Charismatic Renewal},
	booktitle = {Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press },
	organization = {Princeton University Press },
	keywords = {Catholic, Charismatic Renewal, Christianity, Lived religion, religious participation},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Lived_Religion_in_America.html?id=IIk8WWy2kGsC},
	author = {Hervieu-Leger, D}
}
@article {492,
	title = {Cyberpilgrimage: The (Virtual) Reality of Online Pilgrimage Experience},
	journal = {Religion Compass},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {236-246},
	abstract = {Cyberpilgrimage is the practice of undertaking pilgrimage on the internet. Such pilgrimages may be performed for a host of reasons, ranging from idle curiosity to the need to ready oneself, psychologically or informationally, for a {\textquoteleft}real{\textquoteright} (terrestrial) pilgrimage. For some web-users, these experiences may amount to little more than interesting diversions, mildly intriguing ripples in a sea of information and possibility, to be paused upon and pondered briefly before surfing onward to other things. Depending on individual motivations and circumstances, however, they can be deeply charged, transformative, enlightening and profoundly fulfilling on both emotional and spiritual levels. As new as the internet is, cyberpilgrimage is newer; and it seems clear we are witnessing the birth of one of a number of largely uncharted ways by which people are beginning to experience themselves spiritually on the internet. Such experiences tend to be perceived as more self-mediated and, thus, more individualised, liberated and radical than terrestrial experiences of a similar sort (though this is not necessarily the case). This article is intended to explain what cyberpilgrimage can entail, to survey the input to-date of contemporary scholars to the study of cyberpilgrimage; and to offer insight into some of the major debates and questions it raises, in particular with regard to the authenticity of computer-based {\textquoteleft}experience{\textquoteright}.
},
	keywords = {Online, pilgrimage, Ritual},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00277.x/abstract},
	author = {Hill-Smith, C}
}
@article {53,
	title = {Cyberpilgrimage: A Study of Authenticity, Presence and Meaning in Online Pilgrimage Experiences},
	journal = {Journal of Religion and Popular Culture},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Summer 2009},
	abstract = {The idea of cyberpilgrimage may be met with scepticism. There may be a sense that pilgrimage via the Internet intrinsically cannot be authentic, that without any physical depth, it can only be an affectation, even a caricature, of {\textquotedblleft}proper{\textquotedblright} (terrestrial) pilgrimage. This {\textquotedblleft}authenticity issue{\textquotedblright} is crucial, and failure to address it will undermine academic attempts at its study, even while Internet religion becomes increasingly central to understanding contemporary religious expression. This article explores various aspects of the new phenomenon of cyberpilgrimage, framed by a discussion of the potential authenticity of cyberpilgrimage.},
	url = {http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art21\%282\%29-Cyberpilgrimage.html},
	author = {Connie Hill-Smith}
}
@book {258,
	title = {Flickering Pixels: How Technology Shapes Your Faith},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Zondervan},
	organization = {Zondervan},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {Flickering pixels are the tiny dots of light that make up the screens of life---from TVs to cell phones. They are nearly invisible, but they change us. In this provocative book, author Shane Hipps takes readers beneath the surface of things to see how the technologies we use end up using us. Not all is dire, however, as Hipps shows us that hidden things have far less power to shape us when they aren{\textquoteright}t hidden anymore. We are only puppets of our technology if we remain asleep. Flickering Pixels will wake us up---and nothing will look the same again.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=gkEnYwTsPtgC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Hipps, Shane}
}
@article {448,
	title = {EXPERIMENTS IN DEVOTION ONLINE: THE YOUTUBE KHUṬBA},
	journal = {International Journal of Middle East Studies},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {5-21},
	abstract = {This paper explores what I call {\textquotedblleft}online experiments in ethical affect{\textquotedblright} through an analysis of one popular Islamic genre: the short video segments of Friday sermons (khuṭub, s. khuṭba) placed on the video-sharing website YouTube. In my discussion of this media form, I give particular attention to the kind of devotional discourse and ethical socius that is enacted online around these taped performances: notably, the practices of appending written comments to specific videos, offering responses to comments left by others or criticisms directed at either the preacher or other commentators, and the act of creating links between khuṭba pages and other web-based content. In examining these practices, I want to look at the way some of the norms of ethical and devotional comportment associated with the khuṭba in the mosque carry over to the Internet context of khuṭba listening/viewing while also engendering novel forms of pious interaction, argument, and listening.},
	keywords = {ethics, internet, Islam, Sermons, YouTube},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8480771\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S002074381100122X},
	author = {Charles Hirschkind}
}
@inbook {2128,
	title = {The Logics of the Media and the Mediatized Conditions of Social Interaction},
	booktitle = {Media Logic(s) Revisited},
	number = { Transforming Communications {\textendash} Studies in Cross-Media Research},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {63-84},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan, Cham},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan, Cham},
	abstract = {The notion of {\textquoteleft}media logics{\textquoteright} is useful for understanding the processes of mediatization and the ways in which media come to influence communication and social interaction in various domains of society. Media logics are the combined technological, aesthetic, and institutional modus operandi of the media and logics may in a general sociological vocabulary be understood as the rules and resources that govern a particular institutional domain. Media logics do{\quotesinglbase} however{\quotesinglbase} rarely exert their influence in isolation. We need to consider the media{\textquoteright}s influence on an aggregate level and not only at the level of the individual media and its particular logics. Mediatization involves cultural and social processes in which logics of both media and other institutions are interacting and adapting to each other and through these processes a particular configuration of logics are established within an institutional domain. Such configurations condition, but do not determine communication and social interaction. Within a particular institution such as politics or education{\quotesinglbase} the available media repertoire inserts various dynamics to communication and social interaction{\quotesinglbase} and these dynamics represent the mediatized conditions of communication and social interaction.},
	keywords = {media, mediatized, social interaction},
	issn = {978-3-319-65755-4},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65756-1_4},
	author = {Hjarvard, S}
}
@book {2708,
	title = {The Mediatization of Culture and Society},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Mediatization has emerged as a key concept to reconsider old, yet fundamental questions about the role and influence of media in culture and society. In particular the theory of mediatization has proved fruitful for the analysis of how media spread to, become intertwined with, and influence other social institutions and cultural phenomena like politics, play and religion.},
	isbn = {9780415692373},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/The-Mediatization-of-Culture-and-Society/Hjarvard/p/book/9780415692373},
	author = {Hjarvard, Stig}
}
@article {2705,
	title = {The mediatisation of religion: Theorising religion, media and social change},
	journal = {Culture and Religion},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Drawing on recent advances in mediatisation theory, the article presents a theoretical framework for understanding the increased interplay between religion and media. The media have become an important, if not primary, source of information about religious issues, and religious information and experiences become moulded according to the demands of popular media genres. As a cultural and social environment, the media have taken over many of the cultural and social functions of the institutionalised religions and provide spiritual guidance, moral orientation, ritual passages and a sense of community and belonging. Furthermore, the article considers the relationship between mediatisation and secularisation at three levels: society, organisation and individual. At the level of society, mediatisation is an integral part of secularisation. At the level of organisation and the individual, mediatisation may both encourage secular practices and beliefs and invite religious imaginations typically of a more subjectivised nature.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14755610.2011.579719},
	author = {Hjarvard, Stig}
}
@article {2932,
	title = {Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context},
	journal = {Online Readings in Psychology and Culture},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article describes briefly the Hofstede model of six dimensions of national cultures: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It shows the conceptual and research efforts that preceded it and led up to it, and once it had become a paradigm for comparing cultures, research efforts that followed and built on it. The article stresses that dimensions depend on the level of aggregation; it describes the six entirely different dimensions found in the Hofstede et al. (2010) research into organizational cultures. It warns against confusion with value differences at the individual level. It concludes with a look ahead in what the study of dimensions of national cultures and the position of countries on them may still bring.},
	url = {https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8/},
	author = {Hofstede, G}
}
@book {2931,
	title = {Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill Education},
	organization = {McGraw-Hill Education},
	abstract = {The revolutionary study of how the place where we grew up shapes the way we think, feel, and act-- with new dimensions and perspectives

Based on research conducted in more than seventy countries over a forty-year span, Cultures and Organizations examines what drives people apart{\textemdash}when cooperation is so clearly in everyone{\textquoteright}s interest. With major new contributions from Michael Minkov{\textquoteright}s analysis of data from the World Values Survey, as well as an account of the evolution of cultures by Gert Jan Hofstede, this revised and expanded edition:

Reveals the {\textquotedblleft}moral circles{\textquotedblright} from which national societies are built and the unexamined rules by which people think, feel, and act
Explores how national cultures differ in the areas of inequality, assertiveness versus modesty, and tolerance for ambiguity
Explains how organizational cultures differ from national cultures{\textemdash}and how they can be managed
Analyzes stereotyping, differences in language, cultural roots of the 2008 economic crisis, and other intercultural dynamics},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Cultures-Organizations-Software-Mind-Third/dp/0071664181},
	author = {Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede and Michael Minkov}
}
@inbook {1270,
	title = {The Immanent Internet Redux},
	booktitle = {Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {cyber, distopia, fantasy, internet, Networked individualism, transcendence, utopia, Virtual},
	url = {http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten\&seitentyp=produkt\&pk=60410\&concordeid=311474},
	author = {Bernie Hogan and Barry Wellman}
}
@inbook {227,
	title = {Introduction: waves of research},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1-11},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. 
Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Hojsgaard, Morten and Warburg, Margit}
}
@inbook {326,
	title = {Cyber Religion: On the Cutting Edge Between the Virtual and the Real},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {50-64},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=48ChiMiMM3sC\&pg=PA50\&lpg=PA50\&dq=Cyber+Religion:+On+the+Cutting+Edge+Between+the+Virtual+and+the+Real\&source=bl\&ots=ymLFlpjJzY\&sig=7o8NzEIsMVfCTJXZL8pGiJQ38Qg\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=iuYhT_XmEYSugwfE3IT1CA\&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg$\#$v=onepage\&},
	author = {Hojsgaard, Morten}
}
@book {185,
	title = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. 
Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	author = {Hojsgaard, Morten and Warburg, Margit}
}
@article {1187,
	title = {The Relationship Between Religiosity and Internet Use},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2003},
	chapter = {129},
	abstract = {With the solidifying of the Internet as an influential form of mediated communication has come a surge of activity among media scholars looking into what leads individuals to use this emerging technology. This study focuses on religiosity as a potential predictor of Internet activity, and uses a combination of secularization theory and uses and gratifications theory as a foundation from which to posit a negative relation between these 2 variables. Religiosity is found to retain a significant negative relation with Internet use at the zero order, and remains a robust negative predictor of the criterion variable even after accounting for a host of demographic, contextual, and situational variables. Ramifications for these findings are discussed and an outline for future research building on our analyses is provided.},
	keywords = {Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, internet, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, secularization theory, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, uses and gratifications, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15328415JMR0203_01$\#$.UikaxDasim5},
	author = {Greg G. Armfield \& R. Lance Holbert}
}
@article {2935,
	title = {New confession app is no substitution for the sacrament Vatican says},
	journal = {). Catholic News Agency Online},
	year = {2011},
	url = {https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/21917/new-confession-app-is-no-substitution-for-the-sacrament-vatican-says},
	author = {Holdren, A}
}
@article {2139,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}@God please open your fridge!{\textquotedblright} A content analysis of Twitter messages to @God},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {339-355},
	abstract = {	This study investigates religious communication in social media by analyzing messages sent to God on Twitter. More specifically, the goal of this research is to map and analyze the various contexts in which God is addressed on Twitter, and how the tweets may reflect religious beliefs, ritual functions, and life issues. Using content analysis techniques and phenomenography, tweets addressing God were investigated. The results of this descriptive and indicative study show that religion and religiosity are communicated on Twitter in a manner that creates a unique sphere in which praise and profanities coexist. The tweets in the sample vary a great deal in their content and communicative function, ranging from profanities to prayers and from requests to win the lottery to conversations with and comments about God. Some tweets address God as a form of humour or satire, cursing, or otherwise without any deeper religious intention, while other tweets are apparently genuine messages directed to the transcendent, prayers, with which the senders want to show and share their belief with their followers on Twitter.},
	keywords = {Apps, digitial, God, Twitter},
	url = {https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/228283},
	author = {Holmberg, K and Bastubacka, J.J.M and Thelwall, M}
}
@inbook {598,
	title = {Religious Meaning in the Digital Age: Field Research on Internet/Web Religion.},
	booktitle = {Belief in Media: Cultural Perspective on Media and Christianity},
	publisher = {Ashgate},
	organization = {Ashgate},
	chapter = {10 (pg 121-136) },
	address = {Aldershot, UK},
	keywords = {Christianity, culture, field research, media, religious, Religious Media},
	issn = {0754638308},
	author = {Hoover, S. and Park, J.K.},
	editor = {Horsfield}
}
@article {1194,
	title = {Finding Religion in the Media: Work in Progress on the Third Spaces of Digital Religion},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Internet Studies, media and religion, networked society, online identity, religion online, Third Spaces, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere},
	url = {http://cmrc.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Hoover-Echchaibi-paper.pdf},
	author = {Stewart M. Hoover and Nabil Echchaibi}
}
@book {2816,
	title = {Media, Home and Family},
	series = {Routledge},
	year = {2003},
	abstract = {Based on extensive fieldwork, this book examines how parents make decisions regulating media use, and how media practices define contemporary family life.
},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Media-Home-and-Family/Hoover-Clark-Alters/p/book/9780415969178},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M. and Clark, Lynn Schofield and Alters, Diane F.}
}
@book {2936,
	title = {The media and religious authority},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Pennsylvania State University},
	organization = {Pennsylvania State University},
	address = {University Park, PA},
	abstract = {As the availability and use of media platforms continue to expand, the cultural visibility of religion is on the rise, leading to questions about religious authority: Where does it come from? How is it established? What might be changing it? The contributors to The Media and Religious Authority examine the ways in which new centers of power and influence are emerging as religions seek to {\textquotedblleft}brand{\textquotedblright} themselves in the media age. Putting their in-depth, incisive studies of particular instances of media production and reception in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America into conversation with one another, the volume explores how evolving mediations of religion in various places affect the prospects, aspirations, and durability of religious authority across the globe.
An insightful combination of theoretical groundwork and individual case studies, The Media and Religious Authority invites us to rethink the relationships among the media, religion, and culture.
},
	url = {https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-07322-4.html},
	author = {Hoover, S}
}
@book {2681,
	title = {Religion in the News: Faith and Journalism in American Public Discourse},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications, Inc},
	organization = {SAGE Publications, Inc},
	abstract = {Since the 1970s, more and more religious stories have made their way to headline news: the Islamic Revolution in Iran, televangelism and its scandals, and the rise of the Evangelical New Right and its role in politics, to name but a few. Media treatment of religion can be seen as a kind of indicator of the broader role and status of religion on the contemporary scene. To better understand the relationship between religion and the news media, both in everyday practice and in the larger context of American public discourse, author Stewart P. Hoover gives a cultural-historical analysis in his book, Religion in the News. The resulting insights provide important clues as to the place of religion in American life, the role of the media in cultural discourse, and the prospects of institutional religion in the media age.

This volume is highly recommended to media professionals, journalists, people in the religious community, and for classroom use in religious studies and media studies programs.

},
	url = {https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/religion-in-the-news/book8019},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart}
}
@book {147,
	title = {Religion in the Media Age},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Looking at the everyday interaction of religion and media in our cultural lives, Hoover{\textquoteright}s new book is a fascinating assessment of the state of modern religion. Recent years have produced a marked turn away from institutionalized religions towards more autonomous, individual forms of the search for spiritual meaning. Film, television, the music industry and the internet are central to this process, cutting through the monolithic assertions of world religions and giving access to more diverse and fragmented ideals. While the sheer volume and variety of information travelling through global media changes modes of religious thought and commitment, the human desire for spirituality also invigorates popular culture itself, recreating commodities, film blockbusters, world sport and popular music as contexts for religious meanings. Drawing on research into household media consumption, Hoover charts the way in which media and religion intermingle and collide in the cultural experience of media audiences. Religion in the Media Age is essential reading for everyone interested in how today mass media relates to contemporary religious and spiritual life.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_in_the_media_age.html?id=rdLh5S_MkUQC},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart}
}
@article {1298,
	title = {The "Third Spaces" of Digital Religion},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Center for Media, Religion and Culture},
	address = {University of Colorado},
	abstract = {The emergence of new modes of digital communicative practice has had both lay and 
scholarly discourses struggling to adapt. The descriptive challenge is, indeed, a formidable one 
as the range and depth of emergent implications in technology, society, culture, and practice 
continues to develop. The trajectories that flow out of "the digital" into individual, social, and 
cultural space seem nearly limitless in extent and scope, at the same time that many voices are 
urging caution in expecting or claiming too much for these practices},
	keywords = {Digital, Digital Religion, Negotiation, New Media, power, Research, Third Spaces},
	url = {http://cmrc.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Hoover-Echchaibi-paper.pdf},
	author = {S. Hoover and N. Echchaibi}
}
@article {2675,
	title = {Media and the imagination of religion in contemporary global culture},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article argues for an invigorated scholarship of religion within cultural studies. It suggests that this is justified both on its own terms and because there is evidence that the interaction of media and religion is creating entirely new forms of the religious in contemporary public life. Religion persists in history, but it persists in part because of its mediation and this persistent, mediated religion constitutes a new evolution. The article presents a range of contexts where this can be seen to be happening, not least those contexts most involved in contemporary cultural globalization.
},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367549411419980},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M.}
}
@inbook {186,
	title = {The Anthropology of Religious Meaning Making in The Digital Age},
	booktitle = {Media Anthropology},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {257-259},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {Thousand Oaks, CA.},
	abstract = {Media Anthropology represents a convergence of issues and interests on anthropological approaches to the study of media. The purpose of this reader is to promote the identity of the field of study; identify its major concepts, methods, and bibliography; comment on the state of the art; and provide examples of current research. Based on original articles by leading scholars from several countries and academic disciplines, Media Anthropology provides essays introducing the issues, reviewing the field, forging new conceptual syntheses.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=l5eZhM8W7SUC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart and Park, Jin}
}
@article {1259,
	title = {Personal Religion Online},
	year = {2004},
	abstract = {Paper presented at Internet Research 5.0, University of Sussex, England.},
	keywords = {American Life Project, internet, Pew Internet, religion, spiritual religious, survey},
	url = {http://gsb.haifa.ac.il/~sheizaf/AOIR5/131.html},
	author = {Stewart Hoover and Lynn Schofield Clark}
}
@book {2856,
	title = {Does God Make the Man?: Media, Religion, and the Crisis of Masculinity},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {NYU Press},
	organization = {NYU Press},
	abstract = {Many believe that religion plays a positive role in men{\textquoteright}s identity development, with religion promoting good behavior, and morality. In contrast, we often assume that the media is a negative influence for men, teaching them to be rough and violent, and to ignore their emotions. In Does God Make the Man?, Stewart M. Hoover and Curtis D. Coats draw on extensive interviews and participant observation with both Evangelical and non-Evangelical men, including Catholics as well as Protestants, to argue that neither of these assumptions is correct.

Dismissing the easy notion that media encourages toxic masculinity and religion is always a positive influence, Hoover and Coats argue that not only are the linkages between religion, media, and masculinity not as strong and substantive as has been assumed, but the ways in which these relations actually play out may contradict received views. Over the course of this fascinating book they examine crises, contradictions, and contestations: crises about the meaning of masculinity and about the lack of direction men experience from their faith communities; contradictions between men{\textquoteright}s religious lives and media lives, and contestations among men{\textquoteright}s ideas about what it means to be a man. 

The book counters common discussions about a {\textquotedblleft}crisis of masculinity,{\textquotedblright} showing that actual men do not see the world the way the {\textquotedblleft}crisis talk{\textquotedblright} has portrayed it{\textemdash}and interestingly, even Evangelical men often do not see religion as part of the solution.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Does-God-Make-Man-Masculinity/dp/1479862231},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M. and Coats, Curtis D.}
}
@book {2688,
	title = {Rethinking Media, Religion, and Culture},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Sage Publications, Incorporated},
	organization = {Sage Publications, Incorporated},
	abstract = {The growing connections between media, culture, and religion are increasingly evident in our society today but have rarely been linked theoretically until now. Beginning with the decline of religious institutions during the latter part of this century, Rethinking Media, Religion, and Culture focuses on issues such as the increasing autonomy and individualized practice of religion, the surge of media and media-based icons that are often imbued with religious qualities, and the ensuing effect on cultural practices. Editors Stewart M. Hoover and Knut Lundby examine each of these issues and the implications of major recent findings of religious, media, and cultural studies as they pertain to one another. In a primary effort, the leading class of contributors to this work effectively triangulate these three separate areas into a coherent whole. The book explores phenomena like rallies, rituals, and resistance as they are distinct expressions of religion often transmogrified into different mediated or cultural expressions. This collection should benefit the work of scholars and researchers in communication, media, cultural, and religious studies who seek a broader understanding of the two-sided relationships between religion and media, media and culture, and culture and religion.},
	url = {https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/rethinking-media-religion-and-culture/book4416},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M. and Lundby, Knut}
}
@article {226,
	title = {Faith Online: 64\% of Wired Americans Have Used the Internet for Spiritual or Religious Information},
	year = {2004},
	url = {http://www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=22636},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart and Rainie, Lee and Clark, Lynn. S}
}
@article {2795,
	title = {Media, Public Scholarship and Religious Controversy: Notes from Trump{\textquoteright}s America},
	journal = {journal of religion in Europe},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {The persistence of religion in the twenty-first century has renewed the importance of scholarships devoted to it. At the same time, the digital age has re-positioned and recentered the affordances of mediated circulations around "the religious." This increasing presence and significance of media and religion suggests that substantive scholarships of religion must necessarily articulate media as well. Religious controversies therefore present a special challenge and a special opportunity to scholarships of media and religion. New ways of doing scholarship, and doing so publicly, present themselves. All scholarships of mediated religion must necessarily be public, so scholarship is articulated into these circulations, and at the same time can build on and benefit from knowledge-building that occurs outside the formal boundaries of the academy. This paper explores emerging theories of digital mediation and proposes a circulation-focused understanding of the role, place, and potentials of scholarships today.},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/8/1/article-p153_153.xml?language=en},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M}
}
@inbook {2090,
	title = {Forward: practice, autonomy and authority in the digitally religious and digitally spiritual},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Rituals},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {6{\textendash}12},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {This anthology - the first of its kind in eight years - collects some of the best and most current research and reflection on the complex interactions between religion and computer-mediated communication (CMC). The contributions cohere around the central question: how will core religious understandings of identity, community and authority shape and be (re)shaped by the communicative possibilities of Web 2.0? The authors gathered here address these questions in three distinct ways: through contemporary empirical research on how diverse traditions across the globe seek to take up the technologies and affordances of contemporary CMC; through investigations that place these contemporary developments in larger historical and theological contexts; and through careful reflection on the theoretical dimensions of research on religion and CMC. In their introductory and concluding essays, the editors uncover and articulate the larger intersections and patterns suggested by individual chapters, including trajectories for future research.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, spiritual},
	issn = {9781433114748},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Religion_Social_Media_and_Cultur.html?id=I7GqtgAACAAJ},
	author = {Hoover, S}
}
@book {2669,
	title = {The Media and Religious Authority},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Penn State University Press},
	organization = {Penn State University Press},
	abstract = {As the availability and use of media platforms continue to expand, the cultural visibility of religion is on the rise, leading to questions about religious authority: Where does it come from? How is it established? What might be changing it? The contributors to The Media and Religious Authority examine the ways in which new centers of power and influence are emerging as religions seek to {\textquotedblleft}brand{\textquotedblright} themselves in the media age. Putting their in-depth, incisive studies of particular instances of media production and reception in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America into conversation with one another, the volume explores how evolving mediations of religion in various places affect the prospects, aspirations, and durability of religious authority across the globe.},
	url = {https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-07322-4.html},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M}
}
@book {2717,
	title = {Mass Media Religion: The Social Sources of the Electronic Church},
	year = {1988},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications, Incorporated},
	organization = {SAGE Publications, Incorporated},
	abstract = {Mass Media Religion considers and explores the implications of the evergrowing religious broadcasting media in terms of their social and political contexts.

The author reviews both the historical origins of fundamentalist and neo-evangelical responses to the crisis of modernity and the historical development of the electronic church. He includes a series of interviews with representative viewers, discussing their beliefs, experiences, worldviews, and the role electronic religion plays in other aspects of their lives.

Finally, the development of the electronic church in its wider context and its implications for American culture in general are considered.},
	url = {https://www.colorado.edu/cmrc/1988/11/01/mass-media-religion-social-sources-electronic-church},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart}
}
@book {1288,
	title = {Practicing Religion in the Age of the Media: Explorations in Media, Religion, and Culture },
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {increasingly, the religious practices people engage in and the ways they talk about what is meaningful or sacred take place in the context of media culture{\textemdash}in the realm of the so-called secular. 

Focusing on this intersection of the sacred and the secular, this volume gathers together the work of media experts, religious historians, sociologists of religion, and authorities on American studies and art history. Topics range from Islam on the Internet to the quasi-religious practices of Elvis fans, from the uses of popular culture by the Salvation Army in its early years to the uses of interactive media technologies at the Simon Wiesenthal Center{\textquoteright}s Beit Hashoah Museum of Tolerance. The issues that the essays address include the public/private divide, the distinctions between the sacred and profane, and how to distinguish between the practices that may be termed {\textquotedblleft}religious{\textquotedblright} and those that may not.},
	keywords = {Beit Hashoah, popular culture, quasi-religious practices, Sacred, Salvation Army, Secular},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=9aDg8Ih78QAC\&dq=religion+and+internet\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Stewart M. Hoover and Lynn Schofield Clark}
}
@inbook {2937,
	title = {The media and religious authority from ancient to modern},
	booktitle = {The Media and Religious Authority },
	year = {2016},
	pages = {pp. 37-66},
	publisher = {Pennsylvania University Press.},
	organization = {Pennsylvania University Press.},
	address = {University Park, PA},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/book/58768},
	author = {Horsfield, P}
}
@article {360,
	title = {A mediated religion: historical perspectives on Christianity and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {278-295},
	keywords = {Christianity, media, religion},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.278},
	author = {Horsfield, P. G. and Teusner, P.}
}
@book {1948,
	title = {From Jesus to the Internet: A History of Christianity and Media},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Wiley Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley Blackwell},
	address = {Hoboken, New Jersey},
	keywords = {Christianity, Digital, internet, intersection, media, religion},
	issn = {978-1-118-44738-3},
	author = {Peter Horsfield}
}
@article {382,
	title = {A Mediated Religion: Historical perspectives on Christianity and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Christianity, history, internet and religion, media},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.278},
	author = {Horsfield, P and Teusner, P.}
}
@book {1941,
	title = {From Jesus to the Internet: A History of Christianity and Media},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Wiley Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley Blackwell},
	abstract = {From Jesus to the Internet examines Christianity as a mediated phenomenon, paying particular attention to how various forms of media have influenced and developed the Christian tradition over the centuries. It is the first systematic survey of this topic and the author provides those studying or interested in the intersection of religion and media with a lively and engaging chronological narrative. With insights into some of Christianity s most hotly debated contemporary issues, this book provides a much-needed historical basis for this interdisciplinary field.},
	author = {Horsfield, Peter}
}
@article {2794,
	title = {Digital Islamophobia: The Swedish woman as a figure of pure and dangerous whiteness},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article addresses the digital culture of Islamophobic bloggers, focusing on the online circulation of a forensic photograph of a Swedish woman who was assaulted. The analysis shows how through appropriating this image, the bloggers created a unifying, imagined whiteness in the transnational Islamophobic network. The empirical analysis clarifies how this one image migrated and transformed in the blogosphere and legitimated the recurrent discursive trope of {\textquotedblleft}Muslim rape.{\textquotedblright} This image became a subcultural {\textquotedblleft}memory freeze frame{\textquotedblright} crystallizing the contemporary Islamophobic ideologies articulated in connection to race, ethnicity, nation, gender, and sexuality. The viral circulation of this image constructed a cultural, gendered, and racial Swedish whiteness, imagined to have become victimized by both Islam and liberal feminism, and therefore requiring global protection.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816642169},
	author = {Horsti, Karina}
}
@book {228,
	title = {Virtual Morality: Christian Ethics in the Computer Age },
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Apollos},
	organization = {Apollos},
	address = {Leicester},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Virtual_Morality.html?id=-FgrOAAACAAJ},
	author = {Houston, Graham}
}
@inbook {187,
	title = {Online Ethnography Of Dispensationalist Discourse: Revealed Verses Negotiated Truth},
	booktitle = {Religion on the Internet: Research Prospects and Promises},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {225-246},
	publisher = {JAI Press},
	organization = {JAI Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Religion on the Internet is the first systematic inquiry into the nature, scope and content of religion in cyberspace. Contributors to this volume include leading social scientists engaged in systematic studies of how organizations and individuals are presenting religion on the Internet. Their combined efforts provide a conceptual mapping of religion in cyberspace at this moment. The individual papers and collective insights found in this volume add up to a valuable agenda of research that will enrich understanding of this new phenomenon. Among the contributors are the founders of three of the most important scholarly religion web sites on the Internet: American Religion Data Archive, Religious Tolerance, and Religious Movements Homepage.
Religion and the Internet is essential reading for all who seek to understand how religion is being presented on the Internet and how this topic is likely to unfold in the years ahead.},
	author = {Howard, Robert G}
}
@book {249,
	title = {Digital Jesus. The Making of a New Christian Fundamentalist Community on the Internet},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {New York University Press},
	organization = {New York University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In the 1990s, Marilyn Agee developed one of the most well-known amateur evangelical websites focused on the "End Times", The Bible Prophecy Corner. Around the same time, Lambert Dolphin, a retired Stanford physicist, started the website Lambert{\textquoteright}s Library to discuss with others online how to experience the divine. While Marilyn and Lambert did not initially correspond directly, they have shared several correspondents in common. Even as early as 1999 it was clear that they were members of the same online network of Christians, a virtual church built around those who embraced a common ideology. Digital Jesusdocuments how such like-minded individuals created a large web of religious communication on the Internet, In essence developing a new type of new religious movement - one without a central leader or institution. Based on over a decade of interaction with figures both large and small within this community, Robert Glenn Howard offers the first sustained ethnographic account of the movement as well as a realistic and pragmatic view of how new communication technologies can both empower and dis-empower the individuals who use them. By tracing the group{\textquoteright}s origins back To The email lists and "Usenet" groups of the 1980s up To The online forums of today, Digital Jesusalso serves as a succinct history of the development of online group communications.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Jesus.html?id=s4KVSQAACAAJ},
	author = {Howard, Robert G}
}
@inbook {398,
	title = {Media},
	booktitle = {Theorizing Rituals: Issues, Topics, Approaches, Concepts},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {Leiden},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Theorizing_Rituals_Issues_topics_approac.html?id=f4nZAAAAMAAJ},
	author = {Hughes-Freeland, F.}
}
@article {2834,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}The Light of a Thousand Stories{\textquotedblright}:},
	journal = {Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Open access and free to read online: https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/23952 Understanding a videogame requires attention to the social dimensions of its production, its material form and its reception. Games are produced in communities of designers, played by communities of gamers, and accepted into families, households, and other communal settings. Christian games have often been designed with this wider community context in mind, advertised to families and churches as products that can help attract and retain new audiences. This article focuses on the children{\textquoteright}s videogame Guardians of Ancora (GoA), produced by the Christian organization Scripture Union in 2015. We will use an interview with the product developer to explore the intent behind the game, and we will use an interview with a British volunteer at {\textquoteleft}St. George{\textquoteright}s Church{\textquoteright} to discover how the game has been used within a Christian community. GoA incorporates a degree of procedural rhetoric (Bogost 2007) into its design, but St. George{\textquoteright}s invites children to engage with the game{\textquoteright}s story and world in the context of a week of crafts, songs and other volunteer-led activities. Scholars of digital religion have long been fascinated by the relationship between online and offline religion, and the study of the social context of religious gaming offers a new way to approach this classic theme.
},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335293198_The_Light_of_a_Thousand_Stories_Design_Play_and_Community_in_the_Christian_Videogame_Guardians_of_Ancora},
	author = {Hutchings, Tim}
}
@article {361,
	title = {Creating Church Online: A Case-Study Approach to Religious Experience},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {243-260},
	keywords = {Church, Experience, Online, religion},
	url = {http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/edinburgh-university-press/creating-church-online-a-case-study-approach-to-religious-experience-Rjr4uCIo7a},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@inbook {1935,
	title = {The Dis/Embodied Church: Worship, new media and the body},
	booktitle = {Christianity in the Modern World: Changes and Controversies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {2},
	keywords = {New Media, online church},
	issn = {9781409470250},
	author = {Tim Hutchings}
}
@inbook {605,
	title = {Religion and the Digital Humanities: New Tools, Methods and Perspectives},
	booktitle = {Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	abstract = {From the editors{\textquoteright} introduction:

"Tim Hutchings believes that the emerging research field of "digital humanities" seeks to generate and explore intersections between the questions and commitments of the traditional humanities disciplines and the opportunities, challenges and social transformations associated with digital media. This article maps the possibilities and challenges offered by the diverse landscape of new research, drawing on the author{\textquoteright}s own research experience as one of several sociologists of "cyber" and "cyborg" religion working at HUMlab, a digital humanities study laboratory in Umea, Sweden. Three of the author{\textquoteright}s own research projects - studies of cyberchurches, digital evangelism and Christian music festivals - will be used as case studies to demonstrate the development and application of digital research methodologies."},
	keywords = {Digital humanities, methodology},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@article {308,
	title = {The Internet and the Church: An Introduction},
	journal = {Expository Times},
	volume = {122},
	number = {9},
	year = {2010},
	month = {10/2010},
	pages = {11-19},
	publisher = {Sage},
	chapter = {11},
	abstract = {The Internet is connecting people and organisations around the world in important new ways, changing the way we relate to one another, find resources, share information and form communities. These changes have very important implications for Christians and their churches. This article offers an overview of online activity, including websites, blogs, forums, social network sites, virtual worlds and online evangelism, and introduces theoretical work on the importance of online social networking, the role of the user in shaping technology, and the balance between control and participation in online activity.
},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@article {2765,
	title = {Design and the digital Bible: persuasive technology and religious reading},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religion},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article analyses two {\textquoteleft}digital Bibles{\textquoteright}, products that allow the user to engage with the Bible through the screen and speakers of his/her mobile phone, tablet or computer. Both products, {\textquoteleft}YouVersion{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}GloBible{\textquoteright}, have been created by Evangelical Christian companies. I argue that both are designed to train the user in traditional Evangelical Christian understandings of the work of reading. Digital media offer new opportunities to guide and influence the user, and this article applies the concepts of {\textquoteleft}persuasive technologies{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}procedural rhetoric{\textquoteright} to analyse the design intentions of the two digital Bibles. This approach helps us to appreciate the significance of the material form of a sacred text as a vehicle for religious socialisation and raises important questions about the potential for digital media to re-shape traditional relationships of power in Evangelical Christian communities.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537903.2017.1298903},
	author = {Hutchings, Tim}
}
@article {399,
	title = {{\textquoteright}The Politics of Familiarity: Visual, Liturgical and Organisational Conformity in the Online Church},
	journal = {Special Issue on Aesthetics and the Dimensions of the Senses},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {63-86},
	abstract = {{\textquotedblleft}Online churches{\textquotedblright} are Internet-based Christian communities, pursuing worship, education, support, proselytisation and other religious goals through computer-mediated communication. This paper draws on three years of participant observation and 50 interviews to investigate reliance on the familiar in the aesthetics and sensory experience of online religion, a trend that previous researchers have noticed but not fully explained. I use two ethnographic studies to explore the range of motivations that can guide this common strategy and consider visual design, use of sound, avatar gestures, awareness of co-presence and the physical activity of the computer user. Key factors include the desire to {\textquotedblleft}frame{\textquotedblright} participant expectations, {\textquotedblleft}ground{\textquotedblright} online experience, demonstrate theological {\textquotedblleft}authenticity{\textquotedblright} and encourage participatory leadership, and these achievements are used to validate experimentation in other areas. This strategy is not uncontested, however: {\textquotedblleft}outsiders{\textquotedblright} are frequently deterred by styles that {\textquotedblleft}insiders{\textquotedblright} consider {\textquotedblleft}normal{\textquotedblright}, and both churches have begun to explore new forms of architecture, ritual and communication with no clear offline parallels. New blends of familiarity and innovation are emerging, indicating some of the future directions of online churchmanship.

My two case studies, the Anglican Cathedral of Second Life and LifeChurch.tv Church Online, reflect two key trends among online churches: the proliferation of small-scale independent congregations and the increasing involvement of wealthy institutions. The empirical and theoretical dimensions of this paper are innovative and timely, drawing attention to the professionalization and domestication of online religion and the rise of the {\textquotedblleft}online campus{\textquotedblright}, key developments that deserve considerable scholarly attention.},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/11298/pdf/04.pdf},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@article {2078,
	title = {Contemporary religious community and the online church},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1118{\textendash}1135},
	abstract = {{\textquoteleft}Online churches{\textquoteright} are Internet-based Christian communities, seeking to pursue worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytism and other key religious practices through computer-mediated communication. This article introduces findings of a four-year ethnographic study of five very different {\textquoteleft}online churches{\textquoteright}, focusing on the fluid, multi-layered relationship between online and offline activity developed by Christian users of blogs, forums, chatrooms, video streams and virtual worlds. Following a review of online church research and a summary of methods, this article offers an overview of each of the five groups and identifies clear parallels with earlier television ministries and recent church-planting movements. A new model of online and offline activity is proposed, focused on two pairs of concepts, familiarity/difference and isolation/integration, represented as the endpoints of two axes. These axes frame a landscape of digital practice, negotiated with great care and subtlety by online churchgoers. These negotiations are interpreted in light of wider social changes, particularly the shift from bounded community towards {\textquoteleft}networked individualism{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {online church, religious},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2011.591410},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2011.591410},
	author = {Hutchings, T}
}
@article {1933,
	title = {REAL VIRTUAL COMMUNITY},
	journal = {Word and World},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2015},
	month = {04/2015},
	abstract = {Virtual community can be real community. An example is the Church of Fools (now St Pixels), launched as an experiment eleven years ago, meant to last but three months. However, that experiment created a congregation that is still alive today, one in which people carry on public discussions with sufficient human feelings to form webs of personal relationships online.},
	keywords = {virtual community},
	url = {https://wordandworld.luthersem.edu/issues.aspx?article_id=3847},
	author = {Tim Hutchings}
}
@article {604,
	title = {I Am Second: Evangelicals and Digital Storytelling},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Communication},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {16},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {This article explores the use of online video as a medium for spiritual autobiography through a case study of the Christian movement I am Second (IaS). IaS has published 74 short films, focused primarily on evangelical Christian celebrities. In each case, the video subject overcomes struggles or achieves fulfilment only by surrendering their lives to God and becoming {\textquoteleft}Second{\textquoteright}. These stories are shared through fan blogs, Facebook, YouTube, and offline study groups. Analysis of the design, circulation, and response to these films indicates that digital media are fostering significant shifts in the production and reception of religious storytelling.},
	keywords = {Christianity, digital storytelling, evangelism, social media},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@article {307,
	title = {Network Theology: Christian Understandings of New Media},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	volume = {01},
	year = {2012},
	month = {01/2012},
	type = {Review Article},
	abstract = {Review article considering three recent works of popular Christian theology: Dwight J. Friesen, Thy Kingdom Connected: What the Church Can Learn from Facebook, the Internet, and Other Networks (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2009); Shane Hipps, Flickering Pixels: How Technology Shapes Your Faith (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009); and Jesse Rice, The Church of Facebook: How the Hyperconnected Are Redefining Community (Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 2009).
},
	url = {http://jrmdc.com/reviews/network-theology-christian-understandings-of-new-media/},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@book {2030,
	title = {Creating Church Online },
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Creating Church Online constructs a rich ethnographic account of the diverse cultures of online churches, from virtual worlds to video streams. This book also outlines the history of online churchgoing, from its origins in the 1980s to the present day, and traces the major themes of academic and Christian debate around this topic. Applying some of the leading current theories in the study of religion, media and culture to this data, Tim Hutchings proposes a new model of religious design in contexts of mediatization, and draws attention to digital networks, transformative third spaces and terrains of existential vulnerability. Creating Church Online advances our understanding of the significance and impact of digital media in the religious and social lives of its users, in search of new theoretical frameworks for digital religion.},
	keywords = {Church, Online},
	issn = {978-0-415-53693-6},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=jCElDwAAQBAJ\&pg=PA240\&lpg=PA240\&dq=tim+hutchings+spreading+church+online\&source=bl\&ots=iGY5FUbRlM\&sig=KIk6zTYbFqQ5mnzw8cTwtlbmezk\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjV_4yHzvvaAhVG1IMKHZT9DIwQ6AEIPzAE$\#$v=onepage\&q=tim\%20hutchings\%20spre},
	author = {Tim Hutchings}
}
@inbook {603,
	title = {Wiring death: dying, grieving and remembering on the internet},
	booktitle = {Emotion, Identity and Death: Mortality Across Disciplines},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Ashgate},
	organization = {Ashgate},
	keywords = {Death},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@book {2742,
	title = {Creating Church Online: Ritual, Community and New Media},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Online churches are internet-based Christian communities, pursuing worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytization, and other key religious goals through computer-mediated communication. Hundreds of thousands of people are now involved with online congregations, generating new kinds of ritual, leadership, and community and new networks of global influence. Creating Church Online constructs a rich ethnographic account of the diverse cultures of online churches, from virtual worlds to video streams. This book also outlines the history of online churchgoing, from its origins in the 1980s to the present day, and traces the major themes of academic and Christian debate around this topic. Applying some of the leading current theories in the study of religion, media and culture to this data, Tim Hutchings proposes a new model of religious design in contexts of mediatization, and draws attention to digital networks, transformative third spaces and terrains of existential vulnerability. Creating Church Online advances our understanding of the significance and impact of digital media in the religious and social lives of its users, in search of new theoretical frameworks for digital religion.},
	isbn = {9780203111093},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203111093},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317777483_Creating_Church_Online_Ritual_Community_and_New_Media},
	author = {Hutchings, Tim}
}
@inbook {1181,
	title = {Considering Religious Community Through Online  Churches},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {13},
	keywords = {Christian Churches, Contemporary Religious Community, New Media and Society, new media engagement, online Christianity, online church, Religion and the Internet, religious engagement, Sociology of religion, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415676113/},
	author = {Tim Hutchings}
}
@inbook {602,
	title = {Creating Church Online: Networks and Collectives in Contemporary Christianity},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	keywords = {Christianity, Cyberchurch},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@article {2853,
	title = {Global Perspectives on Religion, Media and Public Scholarship},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This article encourages researchers of religion, media and culture to develop new, global, comparative conversations about the meaning and purpose of public scholarship. Key terms like {\textquotedblleft}religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}publicness{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}scholarship{\textquotedblright} can be understood and articulated differently in different social, cultural and geographical locations, and dialogue across our academic contexts is needed to help explore these parallels and divergences. This article shares three reflections from scholars who have lived and worked in west Africa, southern Europe and south-east Asia. Each contributor has been asked to address two questions: How do religious communities engage public audiences? And how can (or should) scholars communicate with the public? The conclusion to the article identifies some of the central themes of their responses: secularity, colonial legacies, globalization, power, vulnerability, and the intended audience of our public interventions.},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/9/2/article-p148_148.xml},
	author = {Hutchings, Tim and Asamoah-Gyadu, Kwabena and Evolvi, Giulia and Han, Sam}
}
@article {309,
	title = {Online Christian Churches: Three Case Studies},
	journal = {Australian Religious Studies Review},
	volume = {23},
	number = {21},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {325-345},
	publisher = {Equinox},
	chapter = {325},
	abstract = {Online churches are Internet-based Christian communities, pursuing worship, proselytism and other ecclesial activities through digital media. This article is based on three case studies of online churches: i-church, the Anglican Cathedral of Second Life, and LifeChurch.tv Church Online. Seven key themes emerge from these case studies and are used here as a framework for comparative analysis: mass appeal, spiritual experience, community, reliance on the familiar, local church attendance, internal control and external oversight.},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@inbook {2079,
	title = {Considering religious community through online churches},
	booktitle = {Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {164{\textendash}172},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London, England},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book provides a detailed review of major topics and includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations. It also considers key theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised within Digital Religion studies. },
	keywords = {online church, religious},
	issn = {978-0415676113},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Religion.html?id=ox4q7T59KikC},
	author = {Hutchings, T}
}
@article {601,
	title = {Contemporary Religious Community and the Online Church},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {{\textquoteleft}Online churches{\textquoteright} are Internet-based Christian communities, seeking to pursue worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytism and other key religious practices through computer-mediated communication. This article introduces findings of a four-year ethnographic study of five very different {\textquoteleft}online churches{\textquoteright}, focusing on the fluid, multi-layered relationship between online and offline activity developed by Christian users of blogs, forums, chatrooms, video streams and virtual worlds. Following a review of online church research and a summary of methods, this article offers an overview of each of the five groups and identifies clear parallels with earlier television ministries and recent church-planting movements. A new model of online and offline activity is proposed, focused on two pairs of concepts, familiarity/difference and isolation/integration, represented as the endpoints of two axes. These axes frame a landscape of digital practice, negotiated with great care and subtlety by online churchgoers. These negotiations are interpreted in light of wider social changes, particularly the shift from bounded community towards {\textquoteleft}networked individualism{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Cyberchurch},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@book {2716,
	title = {Materiality and the Study of Religion: The Stuff of the Sacred},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Material culture has emerged in recent decades as a significant theoretical concern for the study of religion. This book contributes to and evaluates this material turn, presenting thirteen chapters of new empirical research and theoretical reflection from some of the leading international scholars of material religion. Following a model for material analysis proposed in the first chapter by David Morgan, the contributors trace the life cycle of religious materiality through three phases: the production of religious objects, their classification as religious (or non-religious), and their circulation and use in material culture.

The chapters in this volume consider how objects become and cease to be sacred, how materiality can be used to contest access to public space and resources, and how religion is embodied and performed by individuals in their everyday lives. Contributors discuss the significance of the materiality of religion across different religious traditions and diverse geographical regions, paying close attention to gender, age, ethnicity, memory and politics. The volume closes with an afterword by Manuel V{\'a}squez.},
	isbn = {9781138599932},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Materiality-and-the-Study-of-Religion-The-Stuff-of-the-Sacred/Hutchings-McKenzie/p/book/9781138599932},
	author = {Hutchings, Tim and McKenzie, Joanne}
}
