@inbook {411,
	title = {Mediatized lives: Autobiography and assumed authenticity in digital storytelling},
	booktitle = {Digital Storytelling, Mediatized Stories. Self-representations in New Media},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {105-122},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Recent years have seen amateur personal stories, focusing on {\guillemotleft}me, flourish on social networking sites and in digital storytelling workshops. The resulting digital stories could be called {\guillemotleft}mediatized stories. This book deals with these self-representational stories, aiming to understand the transformations in the age-old practice of storytelling that have become possible with the new, digital media. Its approach is interdisciplinary, exploring how the mediation or mediatization processes of digital storytelling can be grasped and offering a sociological perspective of media studies and a socio-cultural take of the educational sciences. Aesthetic and literary perspectives on narration as well as questioning from an informatics perspective are also included.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Sl_WM0tVV84C\&pg=PA105\&lpg=PA105\&dq=Mediatized+lives:+Autobiography+and+assumed+authenticity+in+digital+storytelling\&source=bl\&ots=MgExXTBiye\&sig=V2Ms-GgkRzw5k6TU_M7KUE8h3kk\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=06stT9TXCaaLsQLYndzGDg\&ved=0CC0Q6AE},
	author = {Kaare, H. and Lundby, K.}
}
@proceedings {533,
	title = {Service Design Model of the Online Virtual   Church in Second Life{\textregistered}},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {ChiNL {\textquoteright}09},
	address = {Leiden, The Netherlands},
	author = {Emil R. Kaburuan and Chen, Chien-Hsu and Jeng, Tay-Sheng}
}
@proceedings {532,
	title = {"Let{\textquoteright}s Meet in Holy Land": The Pilgrimage in Virtual Worlds},
	year = {2011},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {CG Publisher },
	address = {Chicago, USA},
	keywords = {3D Virtual Environment, Avatar, pilgrimage, Virtual Pilgrim, virtual worlds},
	url = {http://2011.religioninsociety.com/sessions/index.html},
	author = {Emil R. Kaburuan and Chen, Chien-Hsu and Jeng, Tay-Sheng}
}
@inbook {531,
	title = {Isn{\textquoteright}t it Real? {\textendash} Experiencing the Virtual Church in Second Life{\textregistered}},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Research on Practices and Outcomes in Virtual Worlds and Environments},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Information Science Reference},
	organization = {Information Science Reference},
	edition = {1},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Hershey},
	keywords = {religion online, Second Life, Users{\textquoteright} Experience, virtual worlds},
	isbn = {1609607627},
	issn = {9781609607623},
	doi = {DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60960-762-3.ch014},
	url = {http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/isn-real-experiencing-virtual-church/55906},
	author = {Emil R. Kaburuan and Chen, C. H. and Jeng, T. S.},
	editor = {Harrison Hao Yang and Steve Chi-Yin Yuen}
}
@book {530,
	title = {Internet Use in Wired Religious Community: Communication Behavior Among Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary (APNTS) Residential Students},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {VDM Verlag Publishing},
	organization = {VDM Verlag Publishing},
	address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken-Germany},
	keywords = {Communication Behavior, internet, Wired Religious Community},
	issn = {978-3-639-24006-1},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Internet-Wired-Religious-Community-Communication/dp/3639240065/ref=sr_1_4?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1340205723\&sr=1-4\&keywords=Religious+communities},
	author = {Emil R. Kaburuan}
}
@conference {66,
	title = {Marketing of Religion in Cyberspace},
	booktitle = {Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference Proceedings},
	year = {2003},
	month = {December 2003},
	abstract = {The Internet has begun to play a significant role in people{\textquoteright}s lives, albeit in the lives of people living on the {\textquoteleft}right{\textquoteright} side of the digital divide. Yet, the nexus between religion and the Internet has seldom been discussed in the marketing context. This paper investigates the effect of the Internet on how people use the new technology to fulfill their spiritual and religious needs. The marketing implications of this nascent but widely spreading phenomenon are discussed since this trend has a significant impact on the providers of spiritual and religious services.},
	url = {http://smib.vuw.ac.nz:8081/WWW/ANZMAC2003/papers/CON04_kales.pdf},
	author = {Sudhir Kale and Rajeev Kamineni}
}
@article {1223,
	title = {Going on Pilgrimage Online : the Representation of Shia Rituals on the Internet},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {6},
	abstract = {In her article Going on Pilgrimage Online. The Representation of Shia Rituals on the Internet, Sabine Kalinock gives an overview of the representation of Shia ritual in the Internet and discusses the relation between innovations and traditional discourses. Emphasis is laid on the possibilities that the Internet offers and which are especially important in the Muslim and Iranian context: the mixing of the sexes, exchange with believers in other parts of the world and the free expression of critical ideas. Kalinock thereby concentrates on case studies from Iranian religious websites set up by various Shiite communities, official institutions as well as private persons. These Websites are usually presented in at least three languages: Arab, Persian, and English, and deal with religious regulations and rituals, hagiographies and recent miracle stories that are recorded with modern technology and confirmed by physicians. Pictures, video films and audio records supplement the texts. Via email believers can seek the guidance of a leading clergyman of their choice (marja at-taqlid) while various books and online resources provide further advice. In chat rooms men and women discuss, affirm or question the meaning and validity of certain religious rules and rituals.
},
	keywords = {analyzing rituals, communication within the Internet, media and religion, New Technology and Society, Online community, Pilgrimage Online, Practicing Faith in Cyberspace, religion, religious practice, Shia},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/373},
	author = {Sabine Kalinock}
}
@article {77,
	title = {Religious Discourse and Cyberspace},
	journal = {Religion},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {279-291},
	abstract = {This article explores the evolution and development of a typology of cyberspatial religious discourse over the course of a few years. The vast quantity of information published on the Net requires the creation of a typology in order to identify and classify the different approaches, attitudes, applications and functions of religion on and in cyberspace. The three different typologies indicate, on the one hand, the versatile character of cyberspace, and on the other hand, the ever-expanding nature of its perimeters. They show that cyberspatial discourse, religious or not, cannot be confined within restricted boundaries but must be perceived as a changeable and unforeseen structure, having the capacity to adapt itself according to the visions, fantasies, ingenuities and inventiveness of the users. They also suggest that despite the rhizomatic construction of cyberspace, the information published on the innumerable religious sites can be systematised in a {\textquoteleft}logical{\textquoteright} formation.},
	keywords = {Attitude, cyberspace, religion, Typology},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6WWN-47YPV51-2\&_user=10\&_coverDate=10\%2F31\%2F2002\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=high\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_searchStrId=1395870485\&_rerunOrigin=google\&_acct=C000050221\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_us},
	author = {Anastasia Karaflogka}
}
@article {412,
	title = {Vaishnava cyber-puja: Problems of purity and novel ritual solutions},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet },
	volume = {4},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {In this article, I examine Vaishnava Hindu views on cyber-puj{\={a}} to Vishnu (the ritual worship of Vishnu online). Based on ethnographic interviews with Vaishnava devotees in the New Jersey tri-state area, I argue that although these devotees have nothing against the online worship of Vishnu in theory (they believe that Vishnu is ontologically present in cyberspace and available there for worship), they nonetheless have reservations about performing such worship in practice. These reservations, I argue, stem from concerns about violations of two types of purity: spatial purity (the purity of the sacred cyber-altar space in which Vishnu resides) and mental purity (the purity of the mental state of the devotee who is performing the cyber-puj{\={a}}). However, although devotees have concerns over the violations of purity that stem from cyber-puj{\={a}}, many have come up with novel, medium specific, ritual practices that can help overcome or at least mitigate these purity violations. I discuss these ritual practices{\textemdash}which include actions such as lighting incense in front of the computer, clearing one{\textquoteright}s private data (browsing history, etc.,) and moving the computer to a separate part of the desk{\textemdash}and the ways that they enhance both the computer as a space for worshipping Vishnu and devotees{\textquoteright} mental purity while doing so. Finally, I conclude the article with a discussion of the importance that Vaishnavas place on purity of intention, and show that for many devotees, pure devotional intention is all one needs in order to overcome any seemingly problematic aspect of cyber-puj{\={a}}.},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/11304/pdf/10.pdf},
	author = {Karapanagiotis, N.}
}
@article {2852,
	title = {Swipe Left to Pray. Analyzing Authority and Transcendence in Prayer Apps},
	journal = {Entangled Religions},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This paper centers on a fairly new phenomenon in digital religion: prayer apps. After an overview of their typical features, the paper will present a number of analytical perspectives on such apps, arguing that investing in theoretical work is needed, particularly in a young research field. Starting points are provided by Heidi Campbell{\textquoteright}s four-layer model of religious authority, Michel Foucault{\textquoteright}s concept of {\textquotedblleft}technologies of the self,{\textquotedblright} Birgit Meyer{\textquoteright}s understanding of religion as a practice of mediation, and by the conceptualization of the transcendence/immanence distinction developed at the K{\"a}te Hamburger Kolleg Dynamics of the History of Religions Between Asia and Europe at the Center for Religious Studies, Ruhr-Univers{\"a}t Bochum. With regards to authority, it will be pointed out that prayer apps employ highly different strategies of authorization. These include the evocation of traditional authority, building trust through the use of familiar design language (often borrowed from outside the religious field), and self-imposed strategies aimed at the {\textquoteleft}improvement{\textquoteright} of the individual believer. As for the transcendence/immanence-distinction, it will be argued that it is important to differentiate between prayer apps that have a more auxiliary character, helping users to prepare their offline praying practice, and those apps that allow users to pray directly on their phone {\textendash} which has significant implications for the understanding of transcendence. 
},
	url = {https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/8672},
	author = {Karis, Tim}
}
@article {2711,
	title = {Religious beings in fashionable bodies: the online identity construction of hijabi social media personalities},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {A {\textquoteleft}hijabista{\textquoteright} {\textendash} from the terms hijabi and fashionista {\textendash} is a Muslim woman who dresses {\textquoteleft}stylishly{\textquoteright} while still adhering to the rules governing {\textquoteleft}modest{\textquoteright} apparel that coincides with Islamic dress code. A handful of these digitally savvy young women have established an online presence, becoming social media personalities with hundreds of thousands, even millions, of {\textquoteleft}followers{\textquoteright} who avidly consume (read) their personal blogs and/or social media posts. This study examines new media, faith, and fragmentation online, where virtual spaces facilitate the construction (re-construction) of a digital identity or persona. We employ an approach that combines netnography and case study to examine the content generated by three high-profile hijabistas, or hijabi fashion and lifestyle bloggers, and build upon identity theory to determine how each has negotiated an online persona that privileges her religious or fashionable self.
},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443716679031},
	author = {Kavakci, Elif and Kraeplin, Camille R}
}
@book {430,
	title = {Gendai Shukyo tokushu: Media ga umidasu kamigami 現代宗教2008　特集：メディアが生み出す神々 (Contemporary Religion 2008 Special Issue: Gods Born out of the media)},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Akiyama shoten},
	organization = {Akiyama shoten},
	address = {Tokyo},
	author = {Kokusai Shukyo Kenkyujo}
}
@inbook {389,
	title = {Online Buddhist Community: An Alternative Religious Organization in the Information Age},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. 
Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&pg=PA138\&lpg=PA138\&dq=Online+Buddhist+Community:+An+Alternative+Religious+Organization+in+the+Information+Age\&source=bl\&ots=0g7AUpVEqL\&sig=Wl_3tfza3CsEEtSt1DtDoGHVv2k\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=61IsT_HpHKrm2QXU56WJDw\&ved=0},
	author = {Kim, M-C.}
}
@conference {1907,
	title = {Communities of (Digital) Practice: Preparing religious leaders for lively online engagement},
	booktitle = {Religious Education Association},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	publisher = {Religious Education Association},
	organization = {Religious Education Association},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	abstract = {The digital revolution has expanded the skill set needed for leadership in faith communities. Theological education has adapted slowly. We chronicle the transformation of a teaching and learning center at a denominational seminary from static resource-lending enterprise into a dynamic learning lab for digital engagement. Convening communities of digital media practice in an action research setting, the center equips religious educators to be substantial contributors to online conversations about faith. Using situated learning theory, we discuss our research with faith formation practitioners and seminarians.},
	keywords = {Christian education, digital literacy, evangelism, faith formation, social media, theological education},
	url = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/1V-Kbz5H1DPZIpJlF0iD1njn5w3F8H2lxBy4BJueKEF4/edit?usp=sharing},
	author = {Lisa Kimball and Kyle Oliver}
}
@article {2142,
	title = {Religious Identity, Expression, and Civility in Social Media: Results of Data Mining Latter-Day Saint Twitter Accounts},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion },
	volume = {56},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {637-657},
	abstract = {This study explores religious self-identification, religious expression, and civility among projected Latter-Day Saint Twitter accounts (201,107 accounts and 1,542,229 tweets). Novel methods of data collection and analysis were utilized to test hypotheses related to religious identity and civility against social media data at a large scale. Results indicated that (1) projected LDS Twitter accounts tended to represent authentic (rather than anonymous or pseudonymous) identities; (2) local minority versus majority status did not influence users{\textquoteright} willingness to religiously self-identify; (3) isolation stigma did not occur when users religiously self-identified; (4) participants exhibited much lower degrees of incivility than was anticipated from previous studies; and (5) religious self-identification was connected to improved civility. Results should be of interest to scholars of religion for better understanding participation patterns and religious identity among Latter-Day Saints and for exploring how these results may transfer to other groups of religious people.},
	keywords = {civility, data mining, Later-Day Saint, religious identity, social media, Twitter},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jssr.12358},
	author = {Kimmons, R and McGuire, K and Stauffer, M and Jones, J.E. and Gregson, M and Austin, M}
}
@inbook {340,
	title = {Alternative Worlds: Metaphysical Questing and Virtual Community amongst the Otherkin},
	booktitle = {{\textellipsis} Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on the Sacred. Collected Essays. With an Introduction by Victoria Barker},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {275-287},
	keywords = {alternative religion online, Otherkin},
	url = {http://escholarship.library.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/SSR/article/view/259/238},
	author = {Kirby, Danielle and Di Lauro, Frances}
}
@article {2963,
	title = {Thinking critically about and researching algorithms},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {More and more aspects of our everyday lives are being mediated, augmented, produced and regulated by software-enabled technologies. Software is fundamentally composed of algorithms: sets of defined steps structured to process instructions/data to produce an output. This paper synthesises and extends emerging critical thinking about algorithms and considers how best to research them in practice. Four main arguments are developed. First, there is a pressing need to focus critical and empirical attention on algorithms and the work that they do given their increasing importance in shaping social and economic life. Second, algorithms can be conceived in a number of ways {\textendash} technically, computationally, mathematically, politically, culturally, economically, contextually, materially, philosophically, ethically {\textendash} but are best understood as being contingent, ontogenetic and performative in nature, and embedded in wider socio-technical assemblages. Third, there are three main challenges that hinder research about algorithms (gaining access to their formulation; they are heterogeneous and embedded in wider systems; their work unfolds contextually and contingently), which require practical and epistemological attention. Fourth, the constitution and work of algorithms can be empirically studied in a number of ways, each of which has strengths and weaknesses that need to be systematically evaluated. Six methodological approaches designed to produce insights into the nature and work of algorithms are critically appraised. It is contended that these methods are best used in combination in order to help overcome epistemological and practical challenges.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154087},
	author = {Kitchin, R.}
}
@article {2964,
	title = {Social informatics. In Encyclopaedia of Lis},
	journal = {Kluwer Publishing},
	year = {2001},
	url = {www.slis.indiana.edu/SI/si2001.html (no longer available online)},
	author = {Kling, R.}
}
@mastersthesis {76,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}I Type the Amens and Think the Rest{\textquotedblright}: An Ethnographic Look at Religion in Virtual Reality},
	year = {2008},
	month = {May 2008},
	school = {Reed College},
	address = {Portland, Oregan},
	abstract = {In 2003, a company called Linden Labs launched the first widely-accessible virtual reality: Second Life. Religious groups have been among the first to take advantage of this new frontier, but they have thus far garnered no attention from the academy. This thesis explores the new phenomenon of religious activity in virtual reality through a three-month ethnographic study of a Bible study at the Campivallensis Catholic Meditation,Center in Second Life. I supplement the study with six interviews with Bible study attendees. I also review scholarly research and Catholic theology that relates to religious activity in virtual reality. My thesis concludes that Campivallensians value individualism and theological diversity { values which are supported and reinforced by the medium of Second Life. I speculate that these values will cause friction between virtual reality participants and religious authorities in years to come.},
	url = {http://www.blotts.org/thesis.pdf},
	author = {Madeline LeNore Klink}
}
@article {63,
	title = {The Internet and Religion in Singapore: A National Survey},
	year = {2005},
	institution = {Singapore Internet Research Centre},
	address = {Singapore},
	abstract = {Singapore has one of the highest Internet penetration rates in the world (60.2\%) and 85\% of Singaporeans claim to have a religious affiliation to one of the main religious traditions within the country, including Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or traditional Chinese religions. International surveys have shown the use of the Internet for religious purposes is growing significantly, and that in the future, the Internet could be a primary source for religious information for users around the world. The main aim of this project was to investigate and better understand how Singaporeans used the Internet for religious purposes. A national survey with 711 respondents was conducted from 21st to 26th of November 2004 to measure the extent to which Singaporeans used the Internet in a religious context, their perceptions of the religious impact of the Internet and the most common online religiously oriented online activities among Singaporeans.},
	url = {http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN026246.pdf},
	author = {Kluver, Randolph and Detenber, Benjamin H. and Shahiraa Sahul Hameed and Pauline Hope Cheong and Lee Wainpeng}
}
@article {150,
	title = {Technological modernization, the Internet, and religion in Singapore},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {This study critically examines the ways in which technological modernization and religion co-exist and mutually reinforce one another within the Singaporean context. Interviews with religious leaders of a diverse set of faiths in Singapore about how they understand the role of information technology in religious practice reveal a broad-based acceptance of the Internet and other information technologies and little sense of a danger to religious faith. Contrary to the proposals of secularization theory, these findings suggest that various religious communities have adopted and in some cases embrace the Internet as part of their contemporary religious mission and strategy for growth. The findings further contribute to historical research on the social construction of technology and lend support to emergent research on the spiritual shaping of Internet technology by religious communities seeking to integrate the Internet into their everyday social and religious practices in wired contexts such as Singapore.
},
	keywords = {Faith, Singapore, Technologies},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/kluver.html},
	author = {Kluver, Randy}
}
@article {2174,
	title = {The relationship between problematic Internet use, God attachment, and psychological functioning among adults at a Christian university},
	journal = {Mental Health, Religion and Culture},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {239-251},
	abstract = {In the present study, we utilised structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the relationship between God attachment and problematic Internet use, mediated by emotional distress. Findings supported the proposed hypothesis that anxious God attachment (i.e., anxiety about God{\textquoteright}s abandonment) predicts both problematic Internet use (i.e., obsessing about the Internet, neglecting tasks and relationships due to the Internet, struggling to control Internet use) and psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, worry). In addition, weak-to-moderate correlations emerged between depression, anxiety, stress, and worry and problematic Internet use. Further research is needed to generalise and replicate these preliminary results.},
	keywords = {addiction, attachment, distress, God, internet, problematic Internet use},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13674676.2013.787977},
	author = {Knabb, J.J and Pelletier, J}
}
@article {1506,
	title = {Excess, Artifice, Sentimentality:  Almod{\'o}var{\textquoteright}s Camp Cinema as a Challenge for Theological Aesthetics},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture },
	volume = {3},
	year = {2014},
	chapter = {31},
	abstract = {Camp is defined as a style that is characterised by excess, artificiality, theatricality, exaggeration, 
sentimentality. What could this possibly contribute to Christian theological aesthetics, the study of God 
and theological issues through the aesthetic, art, beauty? This paper proposes, through a discussion of 
camp in its {\textquotedblleft}incarnation{\textquotedblright} in Pedro Almod{\'o}var{\textquoteright}s cinema, that it has several aspects to offer. Camp 
uncovers and challenges the categories of truth and reality in theological aesthetics as well as the 
artforms in which this truth can be discovered. Its embrace of the superficial and material can be seen, 
in theological terms, as an incarnational aesthetics that offers redemption through the affirmation of the 
material, not its disruption or negation. Camp underlines the subversive power of pleasure and laughter 
against tendencies that dismiss pleasure as escapism, and challenges theological aesthetics to 
acknowledge the wisdom that lies in emotions and affects. It criticizes by fostering solidarity and 
empathy, rather than antagonism. Thus camp represents a challenge to self-critically reflect on 
processes of exclusion on an aesthetic and a social level, and challenges us to imagine a different 
world, a world of beauty, love and passion},
	keywords = {Camp Cinema, Christianinty, religion, Sentimentality, Theological Aesthetics},
	url = {http://jrmdc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Knauss.pdf},
	author = {S Knauss}
}
@inbook {516,
	title = {The changing faces of media and religion},
	booktitle = {Religion and Change in Modern Britain },
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London },
	abstract = {This book offers a fully up-to-date and comprehensive guide to religion in Britain since 1945. A team of leading scholars provide a fresh analysis and overview, with a particular focus on diversity and change. They examine: relations between religious and secular beliefs and institutions the evolving role and status of the churches the growth and settlement of non-Christian religious communities the spread and diversification of alternative spiritualities religion in welfare, education, media, politics and law theoretical perspectives on religious change. The volume presents the latest research, including results from the largest-ever research initiative on religion in Britain, the AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme. Survey chapters are combined with detailed case studies to give both breadth and depth of coverage. The text is accompanied by relevant photographs and a companion website.
},
	keywords = {media, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_And_Change_In_Modern_Britain.html?id=4OCMRAAACAAJ},
	author = {Knott, Kim. and Mitchell, Jolyon}
}
@book {2165,
	title = {Online Catholic Communities: Community, Authority, and Religious Individualization},
	series = {Routledge Studies in Religion and Digital Culture},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {142},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	edition = {1st},
	address = {New York, London},
	abstract = {The Catholic Church has been moving into a new phase, one where its congregation can choose to meet and practice elements of their own version of their faith on online forums. This new form of congregating allows for an individualised faith to manifest itself outside of the usual church authority structures. Online Catholic Communities provides insight into how religious and non-religious internet forum users interact and form groups during interactions; it also discusses the transformation of religious authority and its emanations in these digital contexts.

Using the top three online forums used by Polish Catholics as a case study, this project explores the formation of these online communities. It then looks at the alternative authority structures that emerge online and how these lead to an individualised form of religious engagement that can develop independently of mainstream doctrine. Through highlighting how religious discourse in Poland is appropriated and creatively modified by users in fulfilling their own spiritual needs, this work reveals the constant interplay between online and offline religious contexts.

This monograph includes cutting edge research on online expressions of religious community, authority and individualisation and as such will be of keen interest to scholars of religious studies and the sociology of religion, as well as communication studies.},
	keywords = {Catholic Church, digital environments, individualization, religious authority},
	issn = {9781138059757},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Online-Catholic-Communities-Community-authority-and-religious-individualization/Kolodziejska/p/book/9781138059757},
	author = {Marta Kolodziejska}
}
@inbook {1499,
	title = {The electronic frontier of Catholicism in Poland- the answer to the crisis of religious community?},
	booktitle = {2014 Volume of Religion and the Social Order:  Religion in Times of Crisis},
	volume = {(forthcoming)},
	year = {2014},
	edition = {Edited by: Gladys Ganiel, Christophe Monnot, Heidemarie Winkel },
	author = {Marta Kolodziejska}
}
@article {1498,
	title = {Symbol of the cross in popular culture. The analysis of the use and transformation of the symbol in the {\textquotedblleft}Machina{\textquotedblright} magazine},
	journal = {Polish Sociological Review},
	volume = {2/2013},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {13},
	type = {original research article},
	chapter = {209},
	abstract = {The article focuses on the use and transformation of religious symbols in popular culture. The Polish popculture {\textquotedblleft}Machina{\textquotedblright} magazine was chosen as a case study. Popular culture, based strongly on visual communication, has fluid canons and is of an (auto)ironic nature. Symbols from different domains are transformed within this culture so that they fit its rules of communication. Religious symbols have been used extensively in {\textquotedblleft}Machina{\textquotedblright} in a conventional, humorous, and deriding manner. According to the results of the analysis, the use of religious symbols in popular culture is inevitably connected to the overlapping of religious communication and popcultural communication, which creates a particular ambivalence of the meaning of the symbol. One should ask if resulting adaptations of religious symbols by popular culture might be considered to be a process of desacralisation. On the basis of the above-mentioned case study, one cannot give an unequivocal answer. Although popcultural communication may lead to simplification and deconstruction of symbols, one cannot claim it is de-symbolised as such. Desymbolisation and desacralisation are ongoing processes, but they are parallel to the process of creation and transformation of symbols as well. The research may be an inspiration for further analysis of the way religious symbols function within the realm of popular culture. },
	author = {Marta Kolodziejska}
}
@article {1689,
	title = {RELIGION ON CATHOLIC INTERNET FORUMS IN POLAND. A MEMORY MEDIATED},
	journal = {Nordic Journal of Religion and Society},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {15},
	chapter = {151},
	abstract = {The following article aims to show that on Catholic Internet forums in Poland, religion{\textemdash}in this
case Roman Catholicism{\textemdash}serves as a mediated chain of memory fulfilling two main functions
simultaneously: an integrating function and a differentiating function. The analysis will be based
on Hervieu-L{\'e}ger{\textquoteright}s concept of religion as a chain of memory (2000, 2006) and Davie{\textquoteright}s modified
concept of religion as memory that mutates (2000, 2006).A thread from 2011 on one of the most
popular Catholic forums in Poland{\textemdash}forum.wiara.pl{\textemdash}will be used as a case study. It will be
shown that through voicing various notions of the meaning of religion, faith, the institutional
Church, and the connection between science and religion, users both distinguish themselves
from and integrate themselves with other users, as well as with their representation of {\textquoteleft}average{\textquoteright}
Catholics in Poland.},
	keywords = {Catholicism, forums, internet, memory, religion},
	url = {http://www.akademikaforlag.no/content/nordic-journal-religion-and-society-272},
	author = {Kolodziejska, Marta}
}
@article {73,
	title = {Religion and technology: refiguring place, space, identity and community},
	journal = {Area},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2001},
	month = {July 2001},
	pages = {404-413},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the literature on the religion{\textendash}technology nexus, drawing up a research agenda and offering preliminary empirical insights. First, I stress the need to explore the new politics of space as a consequence of technological development, emphasizing questions about the role of religion in effecting a form of religious (neo)imperialism, and uneven access to techno-religious spaces. Second, I highlight the need to examine the politics of identity and community, since cyberspace is not an isotropic surface. Third, I underscore the need to engage with questions about the poetics of religious community as social relations become mediated by technology. Finally, I focus on questions about the poetics of place, particularly the technological mediation of rituals.},
	keywords = {community, cyberspace, place, religion, space, technology},
	url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118968381/abstract?CRETRY=1\&SRETRY=0},
	author = {Lily Kong}
}
@inbook {1296,
	title = {Christian Evangelizing Across National Boundaries: Technology, Cultural Capital and the Intellectualization of Religio},
	booktitle = {Religion and Place},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	chapter = {pp 21-38},
	abstract = {Christian evangelical work across national boundaries is often associated with missionary work. In this chapter, I focus on other strategies used in Christian evangelizing, particularly the widespread international dissemination and replication of courses about Christianity for the unconverted using standardized material and approaches. I examine how religious globalization (i.e. the convergence and conformity of religious practice across national boundaries) through such courses takes place, with the aid of technology, the tapping of shared cultural capital and the {\textquotedblleft}intellectualization{\textquotedblright} of religion. I argue that such forms of evangelization work for certain audiences better than for others. Using the case of the Alpha course, an evangelical Christian course originating in London and replicated in different parts of the world, and focusing on its dissemination and effects in Singapore, I demonstrate how the evangelical material works best with a transnational elite audience with a shared cultural and intellectual capital},
	keywords = {Alpha course, audience, Christianity, cultural capital, evangelical, intellectual capital, intellectualization, London, religion, Singapore},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-4685-5_2},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-4685-5_2},
	author = {Lily Kong}
}
@article {2756,
	title = {Between individualisation and tradition: transforming religious authority on German and Polish Christian online discussion forums},
	journal = {Religion},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {The aim of this paper is to connect the debates on individualisation and mediatisation of religion and transformations of religious authority online on theoretical and empirical basis. The classical and contemporary concepts of individualisation of religion, rooted in the secularisation debate, will be connected with Campbell{\textquoteright}s [2007. {\textquotedblleft}Who{\textquoteright}s Got the Power? Religious Authority and the Internet.{\textquotedblright} Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (3): 1043{\textendash}1062] concept of four layers of religious authority online. The empirical material consists of a joint analysis of German Christian and Polish Catholic Internet forums. In a transnational comparison, the findings show similar tendencies of individualisation and emerging communities of choice, as well as a lasting significance of textual religious authorities, although different levels of authority are negotiated and emphasised to a varying extent. However, in both cases critique of the Church and religion usually emerges offline, and is then expressed online. While the forums do not have a subversive potential, they facilitate adopting a more independent, informed, and reflexive approach to religion.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1219882?journalCode=rrel20},
	author = {Ko{\l}odziejska, Marta and Neumaier, Anna}
}
@article {2726,
	title = {The projectilic image: Islamic State{\textquoteright}s digital visual warfare and global networked affect},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Islamic State{\textquoteright}s (IS) image-warfare presents an auspicious opportunity to grasp the growing role of digital images in emerging configurations of global conflict. To understand IS{\textquoteright} image-warfare, this article explores the central role of digital images in the group{\textquoteright}s war spectacle and identifies a key modality of this new kind of warfare: global networked affect. To this end, the analysis focuses on three primary sources: two Arabic-language IS books, Management of Savagery (2004) and O{\textquoteright} Media Worker, You Are a Mujahid!, 2nd Edition (2016), and a video, Healing the Believers{\textquoteright} Chests (2015), featuring the spectacular burning of a Jordanian air force pilot captured by IS. It uses the method of {\textquoteleft}iconology{\textquoteright} within a case-study approach. I analyze IS{\textquoteright} doctrine of image-warfare explained in the two books and, in turn, examine how this doctrine is executed in IS video production, conceptualizing digital video as a specific permutation of moving digital images uniquely able to enact, and via repetition, to maintain, visual and narrative tension between movement and stillness, speed and slowness, that diffuses global network affect. Using a theoretical framework combining spectacle, new media phenomenology, and affect theory, the article concludes that global networked affect is projectilic, mimicking fast, lethal, penetrative objects. IS visual warfare, I argue, is best understood through the notion of the {\textquoteleft}projectilic image{\textquoteright}.
},
	keywords = {digital image, digital video},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0163443717725575},
	author = {Kraidy, Marwan M}
}
@inbook {189,
	title = {The House of Netjer: A New Religious Community Online},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {107-121},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	url = {http://books.google.ca/books?id=iS80IHp0cDwC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Krogh, Marilyn C. and Pillfant, Ashley}
}
@book {2819,
	title = {The Media World of ISIS},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	abstract = {From efficient instructions on how to kill civilians to horrifying videos of beheadings, no terrorist organization has more comprehensively weaponized social media than ISIS. Its strategic, multiplatformed campaign is so effective that it has ensured global news coverage and inspired hundreds of young people around the world to abandon their lives and their countries to join a foreign war. The Media World of ISIS explores the characteristics, mission, and tactics of the organization{\textquoteright}s use of media and propaganda. Contributors consider how ISIS{\textquoteright}s media strategies imitate activist tactics, legitimize its self-declared caliphate, and exploit narratives of suffering and imprisonment as propaganda to inspire followers. Using a variety of methods, contributors explore the appeal of ISIS to Westerners, the worldview made apparent in its doctrine, and suggestions for counteracting the organization{\textquoteright}s approaches. Its highly developed, targeted, and effective media campaign has helped make ISIS one of the most recognized terrorism networks in the world. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of its strategies--what worked and why--will help combat the new realities of terrorism in the 21st century.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Media-World-Indiana-Middle-Studies/dp/0253045916},
	author = {Krona, Michael and Pennington, Rosemary}
}
@inbook {2965,
	title = {Media logic and the mediatization approach: A good partnership, a m{\'e}salliance, or a misunderstanding?},
	booktitle = {Media logic(s) revisited. Transforming communications{\textemdash}Studies in cross-media research},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	address = {London},
	author = {Krotz, F.}
}
@article {231,
	title = {The Internet as a Mirror and Distributor of Religious and Ritual Knowledge},
	journal = {Asian Journal of Social Sciences},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {183-197},
	abstract = {Since the early 1990s, religious movements appeared on the Internet and introduced new forms of communication in ritual and dogma. Their Internet sites present different dogmatic, institutional, and other aspects of their religion; provide interactive communications and religious services; or simply sell religious items. This paper puts forth the argument that the gaining of ritual and dogmatic knowledge is losing its dependence on direct social interaction in a spatial community, and increasingly relies on Internet-based discourse in religious newsgroups and other discussion forums. Nevertheless, for migrant communities in the diaspora (Zoroastrians, Hindus, and adherents of Afro-American religions), the Internet appears to be offering a new opportunity for re-establishing the spatial bonds of the lost religious community. In other cases such as that of the Wicca religion, this greater independence of traditional religious and social hierarchies encourages the development of fragmentary and syncretic forms of religion.},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/saj/2004/00000032/00000002/art00003},
	author = {Krueger, Oliver}
}
@article {232,
	title = {Discovering the Invisible Internet: Methodological Aspects of Searching Religion on the Internet},
	journal = {Online: Heidelberg Journal of Religion on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5828/pdf/Krueger3a.pdf},
	author = {Kruger, Oliver}
}
@article {68,
	title = {Methods and Theory for Studying Religion on the Internet: Introduction to the Special Issue on Theory and Methodology},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	abstract = {Religious Internet research is just beginning and some of these questions have provoked initial answers {\textendash} but most of the questions have stimulated even more issues with regard to substantial and methodological demands. The social aspects and consequences of religious Internet use, particularly, still have to be considered in further research. Immanent Internet research offers many new perspectives for religious studies. While traditional media like books, magazines, and television enable us to see only the supplier and the supplies on the religious market, the Internet {\textendash} as an interactive medium {\textendash} now makes it possible to be aware of the consumer{\textquoteright}s perspective as well. By observing Internet chat rooms, guest books, frequently asked questions (FAQs), and discussion forums and discussion lists (which are normally archived) on religion-related Web sites in particular, we can observe the way religious knowledge is spread in an online community in detail. We can recognize that these new processes of communication create new hierarchies among users in discussion forums. This new diffusion of ritual knowledge, which is nowadays accessible to every Internet user, also signifies changes in the traditional structure of religious communities. However, we still know very little about what people are actually doing with the ritual and religious knowledge that they gain from Internet use. Thus, on the one hand we need to discuss new methodological and theoretical approaches in Internet research but we also have to consider the shortcoming of past approaches.},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5822/pdf/Introduction1.pdf},
	author = {Oliver Kr{\"u}ger}
}
@article {2966,
	title = {Power vs. influence: Knowing the difference could make or break your company},
	journal = {Forbes.com},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Beth Kuhel writes about leadership strategies and tips for rising up in the workplace. Connect with Beth on LinkedIn and Twitter @BethKuhel},
	url = {https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2017/11/02/power-vs-influence-knowing-the-difference-could-make-or-break-your-company/?sh=46bc772b357c},
	author = {Kuhel, B.}
}
