@article {375,
	title = {Religious Leaders, Mediated Authority and Social Change},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Communication Research},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {452-454},
	abstract = {This essay discusses the relationships between mediated religious authority and social change, in terms of clergy{\textquoteright}s social media negotiation and multimodal communication competence, with implications for attracting attention and galvanizing active networks and resources for social initiatives.},
	keywords = {Authority, Leaders, religion, social media},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00909882.2011.577085},
	author = {Cheong P.H.}
}
@article {401,
	title = { Miracles or Love? How Religious Leaders Communicate Trustworthiness through the Web},
	journal = {Journal of Religion and Popular Culture },
	year = {2004},
	abstract = {A religious organization should communicate trustworthiness by attempting correctly to interpret its message and by recruiting new members. Modern communication involves new means of communication like the Internet, which has become an important medium capable of spreading a complex message to a large audience. Religious movements are a growing social and organizational force that employ modern communication methods and criteria. This paper addresses the convergence of religious communication and the Internet, by focusing on trust, a fundamental element of any type of communication, especially of a religious kind. Two main drivers can elicit trust: capabilities (the skill to realize what is promised) and benevolence (the lack of any opportunistic or egoistic goal). This paper employs the content analysis method to analyze the biographies of religious leaders posted on the their official web-sites, in order to verify the existence of these two trust drivers, i.e., leader{\textquoteright}s capabilities and benevolence. The results demonstrate the different stress placed on each.},
	keywords = {Communication, Love, religion},
	url = {http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art7-miraclesorlove.html},
	author = {Pace, Stefano}
}
@article {2761,
	title = {Digital religion and Hinduism in the United States},
	journal = {World Englishes},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {As religions migrate from their native contexts, they adopt new languages for their communication. Additionally, in the 21st century, digital media is being used for religious practices such as ritual worship, sermons and discourses. This article focuses on the case of Hinduism in the US diaspora where the Hindu community (unlike its native counterpart in India) uses the English language and the digital media for the Hindu religious practices. In particular, this article discusses the ways in which the use of the English language and digital media is more conventionalized in the context of discussion about religion (in the discourses of satsang), as opposed to the experience of religion (for example, in puja {\textquoteleft}worship ritual{\textquoteright}).},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/weng.12338},
	author = {Pandharipande, Rajeshwari V.}
}
@article {264,
	title = {Do you believe in magic? Computer Games in Everyday Life},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {225-243},
	abstract = {Huizinga{\textquoteright}s concept of a {\textquoteright}magic circle{\textquoteright} has been used to depict computer games and gaming activities as something separate from ordinary life. In this view, games are special (magical) and they only come to life within temporal and spatial borders that are enacted and performed by the participants. This article discusses the concept of a {\textquoteright}magic circle{\textquoteright} and finds that it lacks specificity. Attempts to use the concept of a magic circle create a number of anomalies that are problematic. This is not, as has been suggested earlier, primarily a matter of the genre of the game, or a discussion of what an appropriate definition of a {\textquoteright}game{\textquoteright} might be. Rather, in this study with hardcore gamers, playing computer games is a routine and mundane activity, making the boundary between play and non-play tenuous to say the least. This article presents an alternative theoretical framework which should be explored further.},
	url = {http://ecs.sagepub.com/content/11/2/225.abstract},
	author = {Pargman, Daniel and Jakobsson, Peter}
}
@article {2855,
	title = {Religion and Media: No Longer a Blindspot in Korean Academia},
	journal = {Journal of Korean Religions},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {In contemporary social life, religion and media cannot be said to be separated. Contrary to the long-lasting understanding that the two are independent from each other, the spheres of religion and media are closely intertwined. Dynamic and increasing connections have been observed and reported by a range of scholars. Indeed, the scholarly interest in the relationship is a fairly recent one. Only thirty years ago, religion was just a blindspot within media studies (Hoover and Venturelli 1996). Similarly, media were an overlooked issue in religious studies. However, the new millennium witnessed a fast-growing attention to the interactions in both fields, demonstrated by two simultaneously released pieces of literature. On the one hand, Journal of Media and Religion was launched in 2002 by a community of media scholars who had investigated the religious dimension of media-related phenomena. In the preface to the inaugural issue, the respected media scholar James Carey noted that {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}[N]one of these religious phenomena can be understood without reference to media that organize religious community, transcribe and embed religious belief, and create both collective memory and modern politics{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} (Carey 2002, 3). On the other hand, a year earlier, a group of religion researchers collected twenty-five articles in an edited volume entitled Religion and Media. Hent de Vries and Samuel Weber, the volume{\textquoteright}s editors, summarized their efforts as confronting {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}the conceptual, analytical, and empirical possibilities and difficulties involved in addressing the complex issue of religion in relation to {\textquoteleft}media,{\textquoteright} that is to say, ancient and modern forms of mediatization such as writing, confession, ritual performance, film, and television, not to mention the {\textquoteleft}new technological media,{\textquoteright} of which the Internet is the most telling example{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} (de Vries and Weber 2001, vii). 
},
	url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Religion-and-Media\%3A-No-Longer-a-Blindspot-in-Korean-Park-Cho/840a3698269904300fc9daa4530da186296e8501},
	author = {Park, Jin Kyu and Cho, Kyuhoon and Han, Sam}
}
@article {418,
	title = {"Making MOOsic{\textquotedblright}: the development of personal relationships online and a comparison to their offline counterparts},
	journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {514-537},
	abstract = {Despite the rapid development of the Internet over the past decade and the associated media hyperbole about cyberspace relationships, there is a paucity of systematic research examining the prevalence, type and development of personal relationships in on-line settings. This research examines relational topography in real-time text-based virtual environments known as MOOs (Multi-User Dimensions, Object Oriented). Current users of MOOs (235) completed a survey on MOO relationships, with 155 also completing a survey on offline relationships. Almost all survey respondents (93.6\%) had formed ongoing personal relationships on MOOs. The most commonly reported types of relationships were close friendships, friendships and romances. The majority of relationships formed (83.6\%) was with members of the opposite sex. Levels of relational development (interdependence, depth, breadth, code change, commitment, predictability/understanding, network convergence) were typically moderate to high. Most relationships had migrated to other virtual environments, and a third had resulted in face-to-face meetings. On average, MOO relationships were found to be more developed than newsgroup relationships, but less developed than off-line relationships. It was concluded that MOOs provide an inherently social and powerful context for the formation of personal relationships, many of which will transfer to other settings.},
	url = {http://spr.sagepub.com/content/15/4/517.abstract},
	author = {Parks, M. R. and Roberts, L. D.}
}
@article {1285,
	title = {Religion and Views on Reproductive Technologies: A Comparative Study of Jews and Non-Jews},
	journal = {Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies },
	volume = {10},
	year = {1991},
	abstract = {New developments in reproductive technology have proliferated
throughout the last decade and received enormous attention from the public.
In vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, and surrogate motherhood have
all been the subject of controversy at the same time as they are becoming
more widely},
	keywords = {children, education, Jews, Non-Jews, religion, technology, Youth},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/shofar/summary/v010/10.1.parmet.html},
	author = {Harriet L. Parmet and Judith N. Lasker}
}
@inbook {344,
	title = {Digital Apocalypse: The Implicit Religiosity of the Millennium Bug Scare},
	booktitle = {Religions of Modernity: Relocating the Sacred to the Self and the Digital},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {239-259},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {Leiden},
	keywords = {Implicit religion, millennium bug},
	author = {Karen P{\"a}rna and Aupers, Stef and Houtman, Dick}
}
@mastersthesis {61,
	title = {Believing in the Net: Implicit Religion and the Internet Hype, 1994-2001},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	school = {Leiden University Press},
	address = {Leiden, the Netherlands},
	abstract = {Starting with Weber{\textquoteright}s disenchantment thesis, a sociological tradition has developed that associates modernity with a crisis of meaning. The de-mystification of our worldview and the decreasing influence of religious traditions in specific are seen as obstacles for making sense of human existence. But in fact, modern societies are full of meaning and they continue to be religious. This study shows that, in an implicit form, religion can be found everywhere in our culture. The Internet hype of the 1990s was a particularly effervescent example of implicit religiosity. The hopeful discourse about the Internet that typified this hype drew on religious ideas and language, and it inspired strong belief. This dissertation explores the appeal of the Internet as an object of faith and it looks at how it could serve as a source of meaning.},
	keywords = {Anomie, Disenchantment, Giving meaning, Hypes, ICT, Implicit religion, internet, Modernity, Sociology of religion, Technophilia},
	url = {http://netage.org/2011/03/26/believing-in-the-net/},
	author = {Karen P{\"a}rna}
}
@article {473,
	title = {Some methodological reflections about the study of religions on video sharing websites},
	journal = {Marburg Journal of Religion},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {filming, religion and internet, sharing, video},
	url = {http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/ivk/mjr/past_issues/2008-2010$\#$2008},
	author = {Pasche, Florence}
}
@inbook {474,
	title = {Religious Rituals on Video Sharing Websites},
	booktitle = {Reflexivity, Media and Visuality},
	pages = {339-355},
	publisher = {Harrassowitz},
	organization = {Harrassowitz},
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	keywords = {religion and internet, Ritual, video sharing website},
	author = {Pasche Guignard, Florence}
}
@article {2116,
	title = {Mediatisation of Catholicism in Croatia: A Networked Religion?},
	journal = {Revija za sociologiju},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {241-270},
	abstract = {This paper deals with the topic of mediatisation of religion. It is seen as a process wherein the structural logic and communicative characteristics of the media play a significant role in religious communication, thus exerting an influence on the success of the transmission of such messages and on religion as a whole. Consequently, it is argued that contemporary social transformations of religion cannot be properly analysed and understood without the acknowledgement of the increasing mediatisation of religion and its effects. Having in mind the overarching importance of the Internet as a communication platform, the authors investigated whether the Internet presence of Catholicism in Croatia can be identified as a networked religion with its main components (networked communities, storied identities, shifting authority, convergent practice and multisite reality). Media content analysis using a sample (N = 200) of various categories of Catholic websites and Facebook pages was employed. Even though noteworthy differences were found between the sites affiliated, semi-affiliated and non-affiliated with the Catholic Church in Croatia, as well as between such websites and Facebook pages, the findings suggest that in the case of Catholicism in Croatia, Internet religious communication bears close connections to the offline world, does not challenge formal religious authorities, nor does it lead to new interpretations of religious doctrines and texts. The authors concluded that the Internet presence of Catholicism in Croatia leads to the re-affirmation and deepening of the existing forms of religion in the new media environments.},
	keywords = {Catholicism, Croatia, mediatisation, networked religion, religion},
	url = {https://hrcak.srce.hr/193686},
	author = {Pavi{\'c}, Z and Kurbanovi{\'c}, F and Levak, T}
}
@article {2993,
	title = {The new class of digital leaders},
	journal = {Strategy+Business},
	year = {2017},
	url = {https://www.the-digital-insurer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1026-The-New-Class-of-Digital-Leaders.pdf},
	author = {Peladue, P. and Herzog, M. and Acker, O.}
}
@article {2741,
	title = {Social media as third spaces? Exploring Muslim identity and connection in Tumblr},
	journal = {International Communication Gazette},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {Third spaces have been imagined as sites of resistance, where hegemonic and normative understandings of the world may be challenged. New media are often imagined to have this liberatory potential as well, particularly for those individuals who experience social, cultural, or political marginalization. This research considers whether social media might help facilitate third spaces. It takes as a case for exploring this topic the experience of 188 Muslim bloggers in social networking site Tumblr. Many of these individuals live in non-Muslim majority countries and say they sometimes feel stuck between identities. The qualitative analysis of their blogs, as well as interviews with 30 of the bloggers, seeks to understand how Tumblr can facilitate third spaces where these bloggers can explore the hybrid nature of their identities while connecting to others who share that experience.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1748048518802208?journalCode=gazb},
	author = {Pennington, Rosemary}
}
@article {2729,
	title = {Making Space in Social Media: $\#$MuslimWomensDay in Twitter},
	journal = {Journal of Communication Inquiry},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {At the end of Women{\textquoteright}s History Month 2017, social media sites were filled with posts using the hashtag $\#$MuslimWomensDay. Muslim women have often been framed in media as either victims of a violent faith and its believers or enablers of that violence, rarely are they given the space to tell their own stories. The $\#$MuslimWomensDay hashtag was designed to draw attention to the stories and experiences of Muslim women. This qualitative textual analysis of approximately 300 tweets explores how Twitter users deployed the $\#$MuslimWomensDay hashtag in their posts in order to understand the story users told of what it means to be a Muslim woman as well as what narratives of Islam they had to fight against.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0196859918768797},
	author = {Pennington, Rosemary}
}
@book {367,
	title = {The playful world: how technology is transforming our imaginationms},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Ballantine Books},
	organization = {Ballantine Books},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {As you read these words, the architects of the new virtual reality are inventing a world you never imagined: call it the playful world. It{\textquoteright}s a world of interactive Web-based toys that instantly collapse the gulf between wish and existence, space and time, animate and inanimate. It{\textquoteright}s a world where the entire fabric of the material world becomes manipulable, programmable, mutable. Situated at the crossroads of high technology and popular culture, the playful world is taking shape at the speed of electronic creativity. Are you ready for it? Your kids are. In this spellbinding new book, Mark Pesce, one of the pioneers in the ongoing technological revolution, explores how a new kind of knowing and a new way of creating are transforming the culture of our time. It started, bizarrely enough, with Furbys, the first toys that had the "will" to grow and interact intelligently with their environment. As Pesce argues, Furbys, for all their cloying cuteness, were a vital sign of a new human endeavor--the ability to copy part of our own intelligence into the physical world. But engineers of the playful world have already gone much further into considerably stranger virtual realms. Pesce takes us inside the world{\textquoteright}s cutting-edge research facilities where the distinction between bits and atoms is rapidly dissolving. We meet the creators of LEGO Mindstorms, a snap-together plastic device that intelligently controls motors and processes data from sensors. We watch technological geniuses like Marvin Minsky and Eric Drexler turn the theoretical breakthroughs of Nobel laureate Richard Feynman into "nanites"-- tiny ultra-high-speed computers that replicate intelligent life. We observe the launch of the amazing and much-anticipated Sony Playstation 2, a platform that will allow us to bring synthetic worlds into the home and create a gateway to the living planet. Web-based toys are only the beginning--the first glimmer of a new reality that is transforming our entire culture with incredible speed and power. After all, thanks to the computer revolution and the Internet, all of us already command powers that just a generation ago would have been described as magical. Magic is about to take on a whole new dimension. In this dazzling book, Mark Pesce offers a mind-bending preview of the incredible future that awaits us all in The Playful World.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/The_playful_world.html?id=VwDqicYPyM4C},
	author = {Pesce, M.}
}
@article {2818,
	title = {Beyond Fashion Tips and Hijab Tutorials:~ The Aesthetic Style of Islamic Lifestyle Videos},
	journal = {Film Criticism},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Among young women, lifestyle videos have become extremely popular on YouTube, and a similar trend has emerged among young Muslim women who share modest fashion tips and discuss religious topics. This paper examines the videos of two prominent Muslim women on YouTube, Amena Khan and Dina Torkia, in an effort to understand how they engage with aesthetic styles in order to work against Western stereotypes of Muslim women as oppressed and lacking individuality. Islamic lifestyle videos might appear to simply promote a vacuous focus on appearances, but I argue that it is through the aesthetics and affects of these videos that Amena and Dina do political work to redistribute the sensible and shift what is considered attractive, beautiful and pleasurable in Western society. Additionally, the hybrid aesthetic styles and affects of authenticity and pleasure, which are possible in digital spaces like YouTube, offer Amena and Dina the chance to control their own visual images and to resist being coopted as icons of Western freedom or Islamic piety.},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304337122_Beyond_Fashion_Tips_and_Hijab_Tutorials_The_Aesthetic_Style_of_Islamic_Lifestyle_Videos},
	author = {Peterson, Kristin M.}
}
@article {2848,
	title = {Introduction Essay: Special Issue of RMDC on Public Scholarship, Media and Religion},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Digital media; religion; public scholarship},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/9/2/article-p141_141.xml?language=en},
	author = {Peterson, Kristin M. and Campbell, Heidi A.}
}
@article {2837,
	title = {The Unruly, Loud, and Intersectional Muslim Woman: Interrupting the Aesthetic Styles of Islamic Fashion Images on Instagram},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This article explores the concept of a social media interrupter, one who engages with the visual style and discourse of social media influencers while incorporating a subversive critique of the ways that social media spaces perpetuate injustices and marginalize voices. This concept of social media interrupter is discussed through an analysis of Islamic fashion iconoclast Leah Vernon, a self-identified fat, Black Muslim woman who uses her position as a fashionista on Instagram to insert her biting critique of both Islamic fashion and social media influencers. Instead of standing outside, she interrupts and disrupts Islamic fashion on Instagram by constantly bringing up concerns of body image, fatphobia, colorism, racism, economic inequality, and mental health. Leah{\textquoteright}s intersectional feminist critique, I argue, gains power and visibility because of how she effectively interrupts the aesthetic style of Instagram by inserting her unruly body and her concern for social injustices.
},
	keywords = {body image, influencers, Instagram, intersectional feminism, Islamic fashion},
	url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/12715},
	author = {Peterson, Kristin M}
}
@article {2831,
	title = {Pushing boundaries and blurring categories in digital media and religion research},
	journal = {Sociology Compass},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {As religious identity and spiritual practices transform and expand in the digital media moment, this article advocates for more critical scholarship on media and religion that examines the complex ways that individuals make meaning in the digital age. First, I present an overview of foundational media and religion theories that analyze the interactions between these ever-changing fields, such as the culturalist tradition, mediatization theory, and the social shaping of technology approach. Furthermore, this essay highlights insightful research trends that blur distinctions between media spaces and complicate definitions of religion. Finally, a discussion of gaps in the scholarship will justify an argument for more theories centered in international contexts, as well as analysis of the relationships between media technologies, aesthetics, affect, identity and religious expression. These emerging approaches provide more in-depth discussions of how the fast-changing and ever-complex digital culture is deeply connected to the evolving nature of religion and human existence.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12769},
	author = {Peterson, Kristin M.}
}
@book {527,
	title = {Webs of reality: social perspectives on science and religion},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Rutgers University Press},
	organization = {Rutgers University Press},
	address = {New Brunswick},
	abstract = {Science and religion are often thought to be advancing irreconcilable goals and thus to be mutually antagonistic. Yet in the often acrimonious debates between the scientific and religious communities, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that both science and religion are systems of thought and knowledge that aim to understand the world and our place in it.Webs of Reality is a rare examination of the interrelationship between religion and science from a social science perspective, offering a broad view of the relationship, and posing practical questions regarding technology and ethics. Emphasizing how science and religion are practiced instead of highlighting the differences between them, the authors look for the subtle connections, tacit understandings, common history, symbols, and implicit myths that tie them together. How can the practice of science be understood from a religious point of view? What contributions can science make to religious understanding of the world? What contributions can the social sciences make to understanding both knowledge systems? Looking at religion and science as fields of inquiry and habits of mind, the authors discover not only similarities between them but also a wide number of ways in which they complement each other.
},
	keywords = {religion, science, social perceptions, Webs},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=GY6i84rSKMcC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Petry, Y. and Stahl, W. A. and Campbell, R. A. and Diver, G.}
}
@book {528,
	title = {Webs of reality: social perspectives on science and religion},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Rutgers University Press},
	organization = {Rutgers University Press},
	address = {New Brunswick},
	abstract = {Science and religion are often thought to be advancing irreconcilable goals and thus to be mutually antagonistic. Yet in the often acrimonious debates between the scientific and religious communities, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that both science and religion are systems of thought and knowledge that aim to understand the world and our place in it.Webs of Reality is a rare examination of the interrelationship between religion and science from a social science perspective, offering a broad view of the relationship, and posing practical questions regarding technology and ethics. Emphasizing how science and religion are practiced instead of highlighting the differences between them, the authors look for the subtle connections, tacit understandings, common history, symbols, and implicit myths that tie them together. How can the practice of science be understood from a religious point of view? What contributions can science make to religious understanding of the world? What contributions can the social sciences make to understanding both knowledge systems? Looking at religion and science as fields of inquiry and habits of mind, the authors discover not only similarities between them but also a wide number of ways in which they complement each other.
},
	keywords = {religion, science, social perceptions, Webs},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=GY6i84rSKMcC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Petry, Y. and Stahl, W. A. and Campbell, R. A. and Diver, G.}
}
@article {2709,
	title = {How do Muslim women who wear the niqab interact with others online? A case study of a profile on a photo-sharing website},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article identifies a gap in extant literature on women who wear the niqab and their representations in {\textquoteleft}traditional{\textquoteright} media: there are few academic sources that draw from these women{\textquoteright}s own narratives. In order to address this gap, this article highlights niqabis{\textquoteright} self-representations in the form of photographic self-portraits published in new media and demonstrates a variety of positive ways in which these self-portraits are received by the audiences. The article is based on a case study of a profile of a prolific author who posts and discusses her work on a popular photo-sharing website. It throws light on contextualised and relational interpretations of the niqab and its meaning and at the same time challenges a common perception that non-Muslim audiences are uniformly critical of women who wear the niqab. Data analysis of the data so far indicates that women who wear the niqab exercise their agency by making visual references to the everyday and successfully establish dialogue and intimacy with their audiences. It is suggested that new media settings are particularly important in researching {\textquoteleft}niqab experiences{\textquoteright}, as they foster a variety of relevant data types and narratives driven by participants, rather than researchers.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649919},
	author = {Piela, Anna}
}
@inbook {1256,
	title = {Claiming Religious Authority: Muslim Women and New Media },
	booktitle = {Media, Religion and Gender Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {9},
	keywords = {Authority, Digital Religion, GENDER, Islam, Muslim, New Media},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415504737/},
	author = {Anna Piela}
}
@article {419,
	title = {Beyond the traditional-modern binary: faith and identity in muslim women{\textquoteright}s online matchmaking profiles},
	journal = {CyberOrient},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Finding a suitable partner in both diasporic and non-diasporic settings proves increasingly challenging for young Muslims, especially those unable or not wanting to search within their kinship networks. At the same time, religious matchmaking websites are becoming increasingly common especially among Muslim women. As studies of Muslim matchmaking sites tend to focus on the ever-popular topic of the headscarf and its associations in the matchmaking context, a much more comprehensive study of the specificity of the online religious identities and self-representation is required. This paper examines a number of profiles of young Muslim women using online matchmaking sites and discusses broad themes of faith, ethnicity and identity that emerge in the analysis.},
	keywords = {identity, information and communication technology, matchmaking, Muslim women, social aspects, websites},
	url = {http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=6219},
	author = {Piela, A.}
}
@inbook {202,
	title = {Seeking For Truth. Plausibility on a Baha{\textquoteright}i Email List},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {135-150},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. 
Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&pg=PA86\&lpg=PA86\&dq=Seeking+For+Truth.+Plausibility+on+a+Baha{\textquoteright}i+Email+List\&source=bl\&ots=0g7sYqYznH\&sig=H_ZTgaDf71gl8_DVD4SHcbH4aEg\&hl=en\&ei=HYy4TvO4GayqsALk9rHBCA\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=5\&ved=0C},
	author = {Piff, David and Warburg, Margit}
}
@article {2994,
	title = {The Invisible technologies of Goffman{\textquoteright}s sociology from the merry-go-round to the Internet},
	journal = {Technology and Culture},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {Erving Goffman is not usually thought of as sociologist of technology. In this paper I argue that Goffman{\textquoteright}s early studies are replete with materiality and technologies. By paying more attention to mundane and invisible technologies, such as merry-go-rounds, surgical instruments, and doors, I argue that Goffman{\textquoteright}s interaction order can be shown to be materially and technologically framed, staged, and mediated. Important notions such as "role distance," "front stage," and "backstage" turn out to depend crucially upon materiality and technologies. When it comes to studying the internet there is thus, in principle, no fundamental distinction to be drawn between online and off-line interaction; both are forms of performed, staged, and mediated interaction. I show how Goffman{\textquoteright}s notion of copresence can be extended to the study of the internet and speculate as to what a sociology of material performativity, which combines interactional sociology with the insights of Social Construction of Technology, might look like.},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236782859_The_Invisible_Technologies_of_Goffman\%27s_Sociology_From_the_Merry-Go-Round_to_the_Internet},
	author = {Pinch, T.}
}
@article {305,
	title = {Streetbook: How Egyptian and Tunisian youth hacked the Arab Spring},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {70-82},
	keywords = {Arab Spring, social media},
	url = {http://www.technologyreview.com/web/38379/},
	author = {John Pollock}
}
@article {2820,
	title = {Contesting $\#$StopIslam: The Dynamics of a Counter-narrative Against Right-wing Populism},
	journal = {Open Library of Humanities},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {This paper sets out quantitative findings from a research project examining the dynamics of online counter-narratives against hate speech, focusing on $\#$StopIslam, a hashtag that spread racialized hate speech and disinformation directed towards Islam and Muslims and which trended on Twitter after the March 2016 terror attacks in Brussels. We elucidate the dynamics of the counter-narrative through contrasting it with the affordances of the original anti-Islamic narrative it was trying to contest. We then explore the extent to which each narrative was taken up by the mainstream media. Our findings show that actors who disseminated the original hashtag with the most frequency were tightly-knit clusters of self-defined conservative actors based in the US. The hashtag was also routinely used in relation to other pro-Trump, anti-Clinton hashtags in the run-up to the 2016 presidential election, forming part of a broader, racialized, anti-immigration narrative. In contrast, the most widely shared and disseminated messages were attempts to challenge the original narrative that were produced by a geographically dispersed network of self-identified Muslims and allies. The counter-narrative was significant in gaining purchase in the wider media ecology associated with this event, due to being reported by mainstream media outlets. We ultimately argue for the need for further research that combines {\textquoteleft}big data{\textquoteright} approaches with a conceptual focus on the broader media ecologies in which counter-narratives emerge and circulate, in order to better understand how opposition to hate speech can be sustained in the face of the tight-knit right-wing networks that often outlast dissenting voices.},
	url = {https://olh.openlibhums.org/articles/10.16995/olh.406/},
	author = {Poole, Elizabeth and Giraud, Eva and Quincey, Ed de}
}
@article {1192,
	title = {Media, religion and the marketplace in the information  economy: evidence from Singapore},
	journal = {Environment and Planning},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	chapter = {1969},
	abstract = {In this paper we suggest that the exchange of communication in a mediatized 
environment is transforming the nature of transactions in the religious marketplace. 
In~this economy of religious informational exchanges, digitalization facilitates a process of 
mediatization that converts religious performance into forms suitable for commodifi cation 
and commoditization. The intersection of digital media, religion, and the marketplace is 
demonstrated in the context of mega Protestant and Buddhist organizations in Singapore. 
We show how these large organizations embed media relations in their sacred spaces 
through a process of hybridization. In turn, hybrid spaces are converted into material 
outputs that may be readily transacted in real and virtual spaces. Hybridization attends to 
a postmodern audience and consumers who value experience and sensorial stimulations. 
It integrates retail, entertainment, and the aesthetics into a space of ascetic performance 
that is digitally transportable. Digital transactional spaces thrive on the abundance of 
information, and information multiplies when communication is unfettered by the absence 
of proprietary safeguards. The religious marketplace may therefore be understood as a 
medially driven performance space where points of interaction are digitally},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, digital media, hybridization, information economy, internet, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, Protestantism, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, Singapore, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Internet Studies{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media and religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}networked society{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious practice online{\textquotedblright}},
	doi = {10.1068/a44272},
	url = {http://paulinehopecheong.com/media/8eb82a57db78bb75ffff839dffffe41e.pdf},
	author = {Jessie Poon and Shirlena Huang and Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@article {339,
	title = {Alternative spiritualities, new religious movements and Jediism in Australia},
	journal = {Australian Religion Studies Review},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {69-86},
	abstract = {Perhaps the first academic article to discuss the hyper-real/fiction-based religion Jediism which is based on the Star Wars movies and primarily organised online.},
	keywords = {alternative religion online, hyper-real religion, Jediism},
	author = {Adam Possamai}
}
@article {2668,
	title = {Authority and liquid religion in cyber-space: the new territories of religious communication},
	journal = {International Social Science Journal},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This article considers three case studies of forms of authority within new cyber-territories. We first deal with the example of a traditional religion, Islam, by exploring new social issues that this religious system encounters in cyber-space. Second, we turn to a social movement that is by definition less traditional and less established, namely neo-paganism; and finally, we examine the new phenomenon of hyper-real religion (Possamai 2005b, 2012) to discover whether, even in free-floating religions where in principle everything is permitted and where the individual has full autonomy to decide on the specific constructions of his/her religion, forms of authority and social/religious distinctions are paradoxically present.},
	url = {https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8qz98/authority-and-liquid-religion-in-cyber-space-the-new-territories-of-religious-communication},
	author = {Possamai, Adam and Turner, Bryan S.}
}
@book {338,
	title = {Religion and Popular Culture. A Hyper-Real Testament},
	series = {Gods, Humans and Religions},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {P. I. E. Peter Lang},
	organization = {P. I. E. Peter Lang},
	address = {Brussel},
	author = {Adam Possamai}
}
@inbook {212,
	title = {The Cybersangha: Buddhism on the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet. },
	year = {2004},
	pages = {135-150},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Onlineprovides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&pg=PA123\&lpg=PA123\&dq=Prebish,+Charles.+2004+The+Cybersangha:+Buddhism+on+the+Internet.+In+Religion+Online:+Finding+Faith+on+the+Internet\&source=bl\&ots=ahRdOXB-kO\&sig=gt2DhfwYjaWnRoD0qj6Ne_sqTQw\&hl=en\&ei=1oS5T},
	author = {Prebish, Charles}
}
@inbook {612,
	title = {The Cybersangha: Buddhism on the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet },
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {10 (pg. 135-147)},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Cybersangha, cyberspace, internet, Online, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&pg=PA123\&lpg=PA123\&dq=The+Cyber+Sangha:+Buddhism+on+the+Internet+by+Prebish\&source=bl\&ots=ahTmLWH6rM\&sig=X9S_FlncZAcHkpdQKYBhigIdegU\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=lmVvUOnmOeGg2AXF24GYBw\&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Prebish, C.D.},
	editor = {Dawson, L. and Cowan, D.}
}
@article {1286,
	title = {Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies},
	abstract = {Shofar, a quarterly, interdisciplinary journal of Jewish studies, is the official journal of the Midwest and Western Jewish Studies Associations. Under the editorship of Zev Garber and Peter Haas and a distinguished editorial board, Shofar ranges far and wide in a multidisciplinary world that spans four thousand years. It publishes original, scholarly work for a general university audience and reviews a wide range of recent books in Judaica.},
	keywords = {diaspora, history, Jewish Community, Jewish studies, Jews, journal, Judaica, popular culture},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/shofar/},
	author = {Purdue University Press}
}
@article {3005,
	title = {What is a thought leader?},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Forbes.com},
	url = {https://www.forbes.com/sites/russprince/2012/03/16/what-is-a-thought-leader/$\#$3d3e0ae97da0},
	author = {Prince, R. A. and Rogers, B.}
}
@book {370,
	title = {Information Technology and Cyberspace: Extra-connected Living},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {Longman and Todd},
	organization = {Longman and Todd},
	address = {London},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Information_technology_and_cyberspace.html?id=SLkUAQAACAAJ},
	author = {Pullinger, D.}
}
