@article {2790,
	title = {Counselling Muslim Selves on Islamic Websites: Walking a Tightrope Between Secular and Religious Counselling Ideals?},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the interactive counselling service Problems and Answers (PS), an Arabic language and Islamic online counselling service, which draws on global therapeutic counselling trends. For over a decade, PS was run and hosted by www.IslamOnline.net (IOL). Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article aims to provide a layered, contextualized understanding of online Islamic counselling, through addressing the {\textquoteleft}invisible{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}behind the screens{\textquoteright} aspects of PS counselling and the meaning making activities that inform the online output. In particular, I examine: 1. The multiple ways in which {\textquoteleft}religion{\textquoteright} shapes the PS counsellors{\textquoteright} counselling output, and 2. The extent to which secular and religious counselling ideals clash, in PS counselling. Drawing on a mixed methods approach, I demonstrate instances in which offline data nuance and generate new understandings of online data. The findings demonstrate the multivocality and variations in the PS counsellors{\textquoteright} perspectives on both religion and counselling psychology, and shed light on possible tensions between professed ideals and actual online practices.},
	doi = {10.1163/21659214-90000099},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322380732_Counselling_Muslim_Selves_on_Islamic_Websites_Walking_a_Tightrope_Between_Secular_and_Religious_Counselling_Ideals},
	author = {Abdel-Fadil, Mona}
}
@conference {1015,
	title = {Cards, Links, and Research: Teaching Technological Learners},
	booktitle = {Theology and Pedagogy in Cyberspace II},
	year = {2004},
	month = {04/2004},
	address = {Garrett Evangelical Theological Seminary, Evanston IL},
	url = {http://akma.disseminary.org/2004/04/went-well/},
	author = {Adam, A. K. M.}
}
@article {2040,
	title = {Communicating Mixed Messages About Religion through Internet Memes},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1458-1520},
	abstract = {This article investigates the dominant messages Internet memes communicate about religion. Internet memes about religion are defined as, {\textquoteleft}memes circulated on the Internet whose images and texts focus on a variety of religious themes and/or religious traditions{\textquoteright} (Bellar et al., 2013). By drawing on meme genres identified by Shifman (2012) and analyzing techniques used to frame ideas concerning religion in memes, this study identifies common genres found amongst religious Internet meme and core frames used to present messages and assumptions about religion online. This article further draws attention to the importance of studying religion in digital contexts, as it highlights trends, recognized by scholars toward {\textquoteleft}Lived Religion{\textquoteright} within digital culture (Campbell, 2012). Lived Religion argues that contemporary media and digital culture provide important resources for presenting popular beliefs about religion. This study also suggests that studying Internet memes about religion provides a useful lens for understanding popular conceptions about religion within mainstream culture.},
	keywords = {digital cultures, internet memes, Lived religion, memes, participatory culture},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1229004},
	author = {Aguilar, A and Campbell, H and Stanley, M and Taylor, E}
}
@article {106,
	title = {Cybernaughts Awake},
	year = {1999},
	institution = {Church House Publishing},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {The Church of England Board for Social Responsibility has the task of helping the Church to engage in critical debate with contemporary society. Developments in Information Technology have changed our lives in numerous ways. As the twentieth century draws to a close there can be little doubt that we have only just begun to appreciate the extent to which our social, economic and cultural life is being transformed. The board{\textquoteright}s Science, Medicine and Technology Committee proposed in 1996 that the board should commission a working party to set out some of the ethical and spiritual implications of these extraordinary developments. We are grateful to Professor Derek Burke and his colleagues for the hard work that they have put into the task of producing this report. Cybernauts Awake! is not the sort of title usually associated with the report of a working party commissioned by the Church. The style of the report is deliberately informal. It does not seek to present an official Church view. Rather, it tries to set out as clearly and fairly as possible some of the issues that we all need to be thinking about. It will have served its purpose if it encourages its readers to think - particularly if they read it on the Internet!},
	keywords = {cyber, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=w4Lupu5wTNwC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Archbishop{\textquoteright}s Council, Church of England}
}
@inbook {343,
	title = {Cybergnosis: Technology, Religion, and the Secular},
	booktitle = {Religion: Beyond a Concept},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {687-703},
	publisher = {Fordham University Press},
	organization = {Fordham University Press},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {alternative religion online, internet and religion},
	author = {Aupers, Stef and Houtman, Dick and Pels, Peter and De Vries, Hent}
}
@mastersthesis {46,
	title = {Church 2.0: A study of church web development},
	year = {2007},
	month = {December 2007},
	school = {Missouri State University},
	address = {Springfield, Missouri},
	abstract = {Religion is ever present in American culture and on the Internet, and as the Internet shifts from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0, churches must reexamine how their web sites address the needs and desires of their audiences. In this project, the researcher studies members of LifePoint Church and their use of the church{\textquoteright}s web site, church web developers{\textquoteright} methods and attitudes toward church web development, and the web sites of LifePoint{\textquoteright}s competitors for the purpose of deciding whether LifePoint should embrace Web 2.0. The researcher applies the results of the three mini-studies to the seven characteristics of Web 2.0: Web as platform, collective intelligence, perpetual beta, specialized databases, lightweight services, device outgrowth, and rich user experiences and concludes that Web 2.0 is indeed worth embracing on LifePoint Online.},
	keywords = {Church, web development},
	url = {http://www.sarahjoaustin.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/sja_thesis_web.pdf},
	author = {Sarah J. Austin}
}
@book {337,
	title = {Christian Cyberspace Companion : A Guide to the Internet and Christian Online Resources},
	year = {1995},
	publisher = {Baker Books},
	organization = {Baker Books},
	address = {Grand Rapids},
	abstract = {Reference works and guides to on-line services have been appearing throughout the computer world. This is the first specifically designed for Christians who would like to take advantage of online services. Beginners learn how to choose equipment and software, while experienced net surfers are provided with a glossary of cyberspace terms, the news of coming advances, and much more.},
	keywords = {Christianity, cyberspace, internet, resources},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Christian_cyberspace_companion.html?id=28BjHCuLquoC},
	author = {Baker, J. D.}
}
@inbook {110,
	title = {Crossing the Boundary: New Challenges to Religious Authority and Control as a Consequence of Access to the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {Authority, Challenges, control, internet, religion},
	url = {http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/9342/},
	author = {Eileen Barker}
}
@article {2882,
	title = {Charisma and religious leadership: An historical analysis},
	journal = {Scientific Study of Religion},
	year = {1978},
	abstract = {While Max Weber formulated an "ideal" definition of charisma and its routinization, he did not fully address the question of charismatic origins. This paper proposes a theory of charismatic leadership which explores the social conditions under which charisma will emerge. Charismatic leaders are hypothesized to live in periods of radical social change or be cut off from the mainstream of society, perceive religious tradition as relative, and have innovative teachings if their religion is to be institutionalized. They are also not excluded from occupying an institutional office within a traditional religion. The theory is tentatively supported by an examination of biographical data for fifteen charismatic leaders and their successors from various periods of history and from different parts of the world.
},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1385423.},
	author = {Douglas F. Barnes}
}
@article {107,
	title = {Cultured technology: Internet \& religious fundamentalism},
	journal = {The Information Society},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {25-40},
	abstract = {In this article we identify four principal dimensions of religious fundamentalism as they interact with the Internet: hierarchy, patriarchy, discipline, and seclusion. We also develop the concept of cultured technology, and analyze the ways communities reshape a technology and make it a part of their culture, while at the same time changing their customary ways of life and unwritten laws to adapt to it. Later, we give examples for our theoretical framework through an empirical examination of ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities in Israel. Our empirical study is based on a data set of 686,192 users and 60,346 virtual communities. The results show the complexity of interactions between religious fundamentalism and the Internet, and invite further discussions of cultured technology as a means to understand how the Internet has been culturally constructed, modified, and adapted to the needs of fundamentalist communities and how they in turn have been affected by it.},
	keywords = {control and censorship, cultured technology, cyberspace, digital divide, discipline, hierarchy, localization, online interactions, patriarchy, religious fundamentalism, social capital, virtual communities},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.96.170},
	author = {Barzilai-Nahon, Karine. and Barzilai, Gadi}
}
@inbook {217,
	title = {Computer-mediated religion: religion on the internet at the turn of the twenty-first century},
	booktitle = {From Sacred Text to the Internet},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {219-263},
	publisher = {Ashgate},
	organization = {Ashgate},
	address = {Aldershot, UK},
	abstract = {This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself.
},
	keywords = {Computer, internet, religion, twenty-first century},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/helland.html},
	author = {Beckerlegge, Gwilym}
}
@article {2858,
	title = {Commerce, piety and politics: Indonesian young Muslim women{\textquoteright}s groups as religious influencers},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {The article discusses the indiscernibility of social-media-based young Muslim women{\textquoteright}s groups{\textquoteright} (YMWGs) transformative roles in socio-political analysis, standing in contrast to the groups{\textquoteright} visibility in Indonesian young women{\textquoteright}s everyday lives. How does the (in)visibility of the YMWGs reconfigure the (political) subjectivity of Muslim womanhood? How should we understand the influence of this form of {\textquoteleft}women{\textquoteright}s movement{\textquoteright} in the re-invention of Muslim identity? This article proposes the notion of {\textquoteleft}social media religious influencer{\textquoteright} to understand the groups{\textquoteright} conflation of religious, political and commercial elements in their online and offline representations and their encouragement to their followers to do self-transformation. The article demonstrates how, although such creative conflation challenges prevailing ideas about young Muslim women, it requires the young women to remain and take part in the prevailing gender regime by maintaining female conformity.
},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444819838774},
	author = {Beta, Annisa R}
}
@book {396,
	title = {Coming of Age in Second Life. An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {Princeton, NJ},
	abstract = {Millions of people around the world today spend portions of their lives in online virtual worlds. Second Life is one of the largest of these virtual worlds. The residents of Second Life create communities, buy property and build homes, go to concerts, meet in bars, attend weddings and religious services, buy and sell virtual goods and services, find friendship, fall in love--the possibilities are endless, and all encountered through a computer screen. Coming of Age in Second Life is the first book of anthropology to examine this thriving alternate universe. Tom Boellstorff conducted more than two years of fieldwork in Second Life, living among and observing its residents in exactly the same way anthropologists traditionally have done to learn about cultures and social groups in the so-called real world. He conducted his research as the avatar "Tom Bukowski," and applied the rigorous methods of anthropology to study many facets of this new frontier of human life, including issues of gender, race, sex, money, conflict and antisocial behavior, the construction of place and time, and the interplay of self and group.Coming of Age in Second Life shows how virtual worlds can change ideas about identity and society. Bringing anthropology into territory never before studied, this book demonstrates that in some ways humans have always been virtual, and that virtual worlds in all their rich complexity build upon a human capacity for culture that is as old as humanity itself.},
	keywords = {anthropology, Second Life, Virtual},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=wjGYLP02cXUC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Boellstorff, T.}
}
@inbook {2132,
	title = {The Complexities of Mediatization: Charting the Road Ahead},
	booktitle = {Dynamics Of Mediatization},
	number = {Transforming Communications {\textendash} Studies in Cross-Media Research},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {315-331},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan, Cham},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan, Cham},
	abstract = {This chapter discusses some of the complexities of mediatization that have appeared in the volume. Firstly, we reflect on the complexities related to the institutional, cultural and social dimensions of mediatization as well as the various levels of mediatization (e.g., with reference to a macro-micro scale). Secondly, on this basis, we systematize the main features that run through the complex nature of the mediatization process, and we account for three kinds of complexity: the complexity of the media environment or landscape, the complexity of an entanglement of practices with digital media technologies, and the complexity of the levels of analysis. Reflecting these complexities, in a third section, the chapter delineates some future trajectories of mediatization research.},
	keywords = {mediatization},
	issn = {978-3-319-62982-7},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62983-4_15$\#$citeas},
	author = {Bolin, G and Hepp, A}
}
@article {1892,
	title = {Church In The Public Sphere: Production Of Meaning Between Rational And Irrational},
	journal = {Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies},
	volume = {Vol 13},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {3-20},
	chapter = {3},
	abstract = {In the public sphere and especially in the media, the discourse on the Church and about the Church on faith and religion is often tainted by the confusion of meaning due, among other things, to the mutual borrowing less rigorous {\textendash} epistemologically and methodologically {\textendash} of the concepts which engage various disciplines (theology, sociology, anthropology, political science, information and communication science, and so on) who take possession of problematic centered on the relation between mankind and divinity. This article presents some basic benchmarks for analyzing and understanding the construction of meaning as well as the rationality or irrationality of these issues by convening the disciplinary distinction between the content of the concepts of organization and that of the institution.},
	keywords = {Church, Faith, media, production of meaning, public sphere, religion, symbolic forms},
	issn = {1583-0039},
	url = {http://jsri.ro/ojs/index.php/jsri/article/view/741},
	author = {Bratosin, Stefan}
}
@book {2172,
	title = {Christians Under Covers: Evangelicals and Sexual Pleasure on the Internet},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley, CA},
	abstract = {Christians under Covers shifts how scholars and popular media talk about religious conservatives and sex. Moving away from debates over homosexuality, premarital sex, and other perceived sexual sins, Kelsy Burke examines Christian sexuality websites to show how some evangelical Christians use digital media to promote the idea that God wants married, heterosexual couples to have satisfying sex lives. These evangelicals maintain their religious beliefs while incorporating feminist and queer language into their talk of sexuality{\textemdash}encouraging sexual knowledge, emphasizing women{\textquoteright}s pleasure, and justifying marginal sexual practices within Christian marriages. This illuminating ethnography complicates the boundaries between normal and subversive, empowered and oppressed, and sacred and profane.},
	keywords = {Christians, Evangelicals, internet, sexual behavior},
	issn = {9780520286337},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=2aowDwAAQBAJ\&dq=internet+and+Christians\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Burke, K}
}
@article {373,
	title = {Come to a Correct Understanding of Buddhism: a case study on spiritualising technology, religious authority, and the boundaries of orthodoxy and identity in a Buddhist Web forum},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {58-74},
	abstract = {This study examines the Buddhist message forum, E-sangha, to analyze how this forum{\textquoteright}s founder and moderators {\textquoteleft}spiritualized the Internet{\textquoteright} (Campbell, 2005a, 2005b) using contemporary narratives of the global Buddhist community, and in doing so, provided these actors with the authority to determine the boundaries of Buddhist orthodoxy and identity and validate their control of the medium through social and technical means. Through a structural and textual analysis of E-sangha{\textquoteright}s Web space, this study demonstrates how Web producers and forum moderators use religious community narratives to frame Web environments as sacred community spaces (spaces made suitable for religious activities), which inherently allows those in control of the site the authority to set the boundaries of religious orthodoxy and identity and hence, who can take part in the community.},
	keywords = {Authority, Buddhism, spiritual, technology},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/13/1/58.abstract},
	author = {Busch, L.}
}
@inbook {318,
	title = {Congregation of the Disembodied},
	booktitle = {Virtual Morality},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {179-199},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Contents: Mark J. P. Wolf: Introduction - Gordon Hull: Digital Media and the Scope of {\guillemotleft} Computer Ethics - Emma Rooksby: Empathy in Computer-Mediated Communication - Mark J. P. Wolf: From Simulation to Emulation: Ethics, Worldviews, and Video Games - Paul J. Ford: Virtually Impacted: Designers, Spheres of Meaning, and Virtual Communities - Jason B. Jones: Communities of Envy: Psychoanalytic Perspectives on the Virtual Classroom - Jo Ann Oravec: OnLine Advocacy of Violence and Hate-Group Activity: The Internet as a Platform for the Expression of Youth Aggression and Anxiety - Chris Nagel: Hating in the Global Village - Leda Cooks: The Discursive Construction of Global Listserv Ethics: The Case of Panama-L - Heidi Campbell: Congregation of the Disembodied: A Look at Religious Community on the Internet - Maura McCarthy: Free Market Morality: Why Evangelicals Need Free Speech on the Internet - Andrew Careaga: World Wide Witness: Friendship Evangelism on the Internet - Kathy T. Hettinga: GraveImages: A Faith Visualized in a Technological Age.},
	keywords = {Congregation, disembodied},
	url = {http://tamu.academia.edu/HeidiCampbell/Papers/712633/Congregation_of_the_Disembodied._A_Look_at_Religious_Community_on_the_Internet},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Challenges created by online religious networks},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {81-99},
	abstract = {This article considers the challenges that online religious communities raise for religious culture. A survey of cultural changes in media, community, and religion uncovers similar structural shifts, from hierarchical structures to more open, dynamic relationship patterns in society. Examining this shift helps explain why cyber-religion and online religious communities have become emergent phenomenon. Emphasis is placed on the argument that the Internet has thrived because it has surfaced in a cultural landscape that promotes fluid yet controlled relationships over tightly bound hierarchies. Religious online communities are expressions of these changes and challenge traditional religious definitions of community. Especially problematic is the image of community as a network of relations. This article also addresses common concerns and fears of religious critics related to online communities through an analysis of current literature on these issues, along with a synthesis of research studies relating to the social use and consequences of the Internet.},
	keywords = {community, internet, religion},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15328415jmr0302_1$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet amongst bounded religious communities},
	journal = {Media, Culture and Society},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {709-724},
	publisher = {Sage},
	chapter = {709},
	abstract = {This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups{\textquoteright} creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three critical areas of negotiation are explored: (1) social control; (2) sources of authority; and (3) community boundaries. Examining these tensions illuminates a detailed process of self-evaluation which leads religious stakeholders and internet entrepreneurs to form these digital enclaves in order to negotiate the core beliefs and constraints of their offline communities online. These offer spaces of safety for members within the risk-laden tracts of the internet. Examining the tensions accompanying the emergence of these religious websites elucidates community affordances as well as the challenges to the authority that integration of new media poses to closed groups and societies. },
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism},
	url = {http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/33/5/709.abstract},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Oren Golan}
}
@article {2812,
	title = {Contextualizing current digital religion research on emerging technologies},
	journal = {Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of contemporary research within the interdisciplinary arc of scholarship known as digital religion studies, in which scholars explore the intersection between emerging digital technologies, lived and material religious practices in contemporary culture, and the impact the structures of the network society have on understandings of spirituality and religiosity. Digital religion studies specifically investigates how online and offline religious spaces and practices have become bridged, blended, and blurred as religious groups and practitioners seek to integrate their religious lives with technology use within different aspects of digital culture.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hbe2.149},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and Evolvi, Giulia}
}
@article {2758,
	title = {Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet among bounded religious communities:},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups{\textquoteright} creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three critical areas of negotiation are explored: (1) social control; (2) sources of authority; and (3) community boundaries. Examining these tensions illuminates a detailed process of self-evaluation which leads religious stakeholders and internet entrepreneurs to form these digital enclaves in order to negotiate the core beliefs and constraints of their offline communities online. These offer spaces of safety for members within the risk-laden tracts of the internet. Examining the tensions accompanying the emergence of these religious websites elucidates community affordances as well as the challenges to the authority that integration of new media poses to closed groups and societies.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443711404464},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and Golan, Oren}
}
@article {48,
	title = {Communicating Jesus in a virtual world},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Summer 2009},
	pages = {12-15},
	abstract = {This article suggests various strategies for and advantages of using various communication technologies{\textemdash}texting, Facebook, Twitter, blogging, online chatting{\textemdash}to evangelize in New Zealand, particularly to a younger generation. Drawing on various Scriptural references and Christian theological arguments, Carswell explains how such online technologies can help those attempting to share the Gospel of Christ with others.},
	keywords = {Communication, Jesus, Virtual},
	url = {http://www.tscf.org.nz/uploads/publications/canvas_summer_web.pdf},
	author = {Ben Carswell}
}
@article {177,
	title = {The Chronicles of Me: Understanding Blogging as a Religious Practice},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {101-131},
	abstract = {Blogs represent an especially interesting site of online religious commu- nication. Analysis of the content of 200 blogs with mentions of topics related to Christianity, as well as interviews of a subset of these bloggers, suggests that blogs provide an integrative experience for the faithful, not a third place, but a melding of the personal and the communal, the sacred and the profane. Religious bloggers operate outside the realm of the conventional nuclear church as they connect and link to mainstream news sites, other nonreligious blogs, and online collaborative knowledge networks such as Wikipedia. By chronicling how they experience faith in their everyday lives, these bloggers aim to communicate not only to their communities and to a wider public but also to themselves. This view of blogging as a contemplative religious experience differs from the popular characterization of blogging as a trivial activity.
},
	keywords = {blogs, hyperlinks, internet, religion},
	url = {http://drexel.academia.edu/KyoungheeKwon/Papers/78691/The_chronicles_of_me_Understanding_blogging_as_a_religious_practice},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline and Halavais, Alex and Kwon, Kyounghee}
}
@article {1926,
	title = {Cheong, P. H. (2014). Tweet the Message? Religious Authority and Social Media Innovation. Journal of Religion, Media \& Digital Culture, 3(3), 2{\textendash}19.},
	journal = {Religion, Media, and Digital Culture},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Religious believers have historically adapted Scripture into brief texts for wider
dissemination through relatively inexpensive publications. The emergence of Twitter and other microblogging tools today afford clerics a platform for real time information sharing with its interface for short written texts, which includes providing links to graphics and sound recordings that can be forwarded and responded to by others. This paper discusses emergent practices in tweet authorship which embed and are inspired by sacred Scripture, in order to deepen understanding of the changing nature of sacred texts and of the constitution of religious authority as pastors engage microblogging and social media networks. Drawing upon a Twitter feed by a prominent Christian megachurch leader with global influence, this paper identifies multiple ways in which tweets have been encoded to quote, remix and interpret Scripture, and to serve as choice aphorisms that reflect or are inspired by Scripture. Implications for the changing nature of sacred digital texts and the reconstruction of religious authority are also discussed.},
	keywords = {Bible, pastors, religious authority, Singapore, social media, Twitter},
	url = {http://jrmdc.com/papers-archive/volume-3-issue-3-december-2014/},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline Hope}
}
@article {279,
	title = {Cultivating online and offline pathways to enlightenment: Religious authority in wired Buddhist organizations},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1160-1180},
	abstract = {In light of expanding epistemic resources online, the mediatization of religion poses questions about the possible changes, decline and reconstruction of clergy authority. Distinct from virtual Buddhism or cybersangha research which relies primarily on online observational data, this paper examines Buddhist clergy communication within the context of established religious organizations with an integrationist perspective on interpersonal communication and new and old media connections. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Buddhist leaders in Singapore, this paper illustrates ways in which priests are expanding their communicative competency, which we label {\textquotedblleft}strategic arbitration{\textquotedblright} to maintain their authority by restructuring multimodal representations and communicative influence. This study expands upon previous research by Cheong, Huang \& Poon (in press) and finds that constituting Buddhist religious epistemic authority in wired organizational contexts rests on coordinating online-offline communicative acts. Such concatenative coordination involves normalizing the aforementioned modality of authority through interpersonal acts that positively influences epistemic dependence. Communicative acts that privilege face-to-face mentoring and corporeal rituals are optimized in the presence of monks within perceived sacred spaces in temple grounds, thereby enabling clergy to perform ultimate arbitration. However, Buddhist leaders also increase bargaining power when heightened web presence and branding practices are enacted. The paper concludes with limitations and recommendations for future research in religious authority. },
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, religion, theory of religion online},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2011.579139},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Huang, Shirlena and Poon, Jessie}
}
@article {2083,
	title = {Considering religion and mediatization through a case study of~J+K{\textquoteright}s big day (The J K wedding entrance dance): a response to Stig Hjarvard},
	journal = {Culture and Religion~},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {167{\textendash}184},
	abstract = {This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of Hjarvard{\textquoteright}s theory of the mediatisation of religion. By suggesting actor-network theory as a methodological approach to the study of the mediatisation of religion, this article proposes a case study of the viral wedding video, J K wedding entrance dance, to highlight problems with the assertion that the media are replacing or displacing religion{\textquoteright}s authoritative role in society. Drawing upon recent theories of how digital and mobile media are reshaping society by enabling participation, remediation and bricolage, I suggest instead that the media do not bring about secularisation, but rather that the media are contributing to a personalisation of what it means to be religious (or not). This article thus introduces an alternative definition to the concept of mediatisation: that mediatisation may be understood as the process by which collective uses of communication media extend the development of independent media industries and their circulation of narratives, contribute to new forms of action and interaction in the social world and give shape to how we think of humanity and our place in the world.
},
	keywords = {actor-network theory, mediatization, personalization, religion, secularization, viral video, wedding},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14755610.2011.579717},
	author = {Clark, LS}
}
@inbook {407,
	title = {The constant contact generation: exploring teen friendship networks online},
	booktitle = {Girl Wide Web. Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation for Identity},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {203-222},
	abstract = {Given the rapidly growing presence of girls online, serious academic inquiry into the relationship between girls and the Internet is imperative. Girl Wide Web is an innovative collection of cutting-edge research exploring a wide sweep of issues related to the ways adolescent girls interact with the Internet. Employing a range of methodologies and theoretical perspectives primarily within cultural studies, the authors examine a variety of topics-from instant messaging and web-diaries to online fan communities and Internet advertising that targets young girls. Taken together, these essays provide a rich portrait of the complex relationship among girls, the Internet, and the negotiation of identity.},
	keywords = {constant, friendships, generation, networks, teens, Youth},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=M_aTqHdkt4UC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Clark, L. S.}
}
@book {178,
	title = {Cybergrace: The Search for God in the Digital World},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Crown Publishing},
	organization = {Crown Publishing},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Theologian and high-tech consultant Jennifer Cobb combines her expertise to create a new theory of the Divine in the Information Age. As computers and artificial intelligence systems become more sophisticated, the question of whether we can find spiritual life in cyberspace is beginning to be asked. CyberGrace: The Search for God in the Digital World is a bold, thought-provoking, affirmative answer to one of the most intriguing inquiries of our time. Until now, an unbridgeable schism has separated the world of the spirit and that of the machine. According to an increasingly compelling concept known as emergence, the gulf may be an imaginary one. Fifty years ago, Jesuit paleontologist Teilhard de Chardin combined his lifelong passions of God and science to predict the emergence of cyberspace, based on his studies of evolution. Using Teilhard{\textquoteright}s theories as a starting point, Jennifer Cobb asserts that as technical systems become more complex--with simple, predictable mechanisms coalescing into hierarchies of increasing organization--something elegant, inspired, and absolutely unpredictable simply and suddenly "emerges." Many observers today see this "hand of God" showing itself in disparate disciplines, from evolutionary theory to artificial intelligence--and especially in the furthest realms of cyberspace, where brute computation seems to give way to divine inspiration. CyberGrace offers paradoxical evidence that our machines may be conduits to a deeper spirituality. With daily headlines announcing dizzying advances in science and information technology, many people wonder about their--and their children{\textquoteright}s--ability to lead lives imbued by a sense of the sacred. In the new world, where the search for spirituality may seem scattered and unfocused, Cobb brilliantly uses the most popular and prevalent phenomenon of our times--the computer--to find a world filled with meaning and love.},
	keywords = {cyber, Digital, God, grace},
	author = {Cobb, Jennifer}
}
@article {3003,
	title = {Church and the Internet},
	year = {2002},
	url = {https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_church-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council For Social Communications}
}
@article {369,
	title = {The Church and Internet},
	url = {http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_church-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council for Social Communications}
}
@book {179,
	title = {Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {InCyberhenge, Douglas E. Cowan brings together two fascinating and virtually unavoidable phenomena of contemporary life--the Internet and the new religious movement of Neopaganism. For growing numbers of Neopagans-Wiccans, Druids, Goddess-worshippers, and others--the Internet provides an environment alive with possibilities for invention, innovation, and imagination. From angel channeling, biorhythms, and numerology to e-covens and cybergroves where neophytes can learn everything from the Wiccan Rede to spellworking, Cowan illuminates how and why Neopaganism is using Internet technology in fascinating new ways as a platform for invention of new religious traditions and the imaginative performance of ritual. This book is essential reading for students and scholars of new religious movements, and for anyone interested in the intersections of technology and faith.},
	keywords = {comparative religion, cults, cyberspace, internet, neopaganism, religious aspects},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=dE8vh7i80-IC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Cowan, Douglas}
}
@inbook {220,
	title = {Contested Spaces: Movement, Countermovement and E-Space Propaganda},
	booktitle = {Religion Online. Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {255-271},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression.Religion Onlineprovides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes thePew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-definingCyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	keywords = {movement, online space, propaganda},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&dq=Contested+Spaces:+Movement,+Countermovement+and+E-Space+Propaganda\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Cowan, Douglas}
}
@book {133,
	title = {Cyberchurch, Christianity and the Internet},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Kingsway Publications},
	organization = {Kingsway Publications},
	address = {Eastborne},
	keywords = {Christianity, Church, cyberspace, internet},
	author = {Dixon, Patrik}
}
@book {466,
	title = {Click 2 Save: The Digital Ministry Bible},
	year = {2012},
	note = {https://www.churchpublishing.org/products/index.cfm?fuseaction=productDetail\&productID=9610},
	month = {05/2012},
	publisher = {Morehouse},
	organization = {Morehouse},
	type = {Book},
	address = {Harrisburg, PA},
	abstract = {Social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube provide opportunities for congregations and religious organizations to open the doors and windows to their common life before people ever encounter them in person. In this digitally-integrated world, it{\textquoteright}s no longer all about getting your message out as if people are passively waiting for the latest news from the parish, diocese, or national church. Rather, it s about using new media to create spaces where meaningful relationships can develop. 
 <br>
Click 2 Save: The Digital Ministry Bible is a hands-on strategy guide for religious leaders who want to enrich and extend their ministries using digital media like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and church or personal blogs. An ideal companion to Tweet If You Jesus: Practicing Church in the Digital Reformation (Morehouse, 2011), Click 2 Save draws on extensive research and experience in church and other ministry settings to provide functional, how-to guidance on effectively using social networking sites in the day-to-day context of ministry.},
	keywords = {internet and ministry, internet and religion, practical theology, religious leadership, social media and religion},
	isbn = {13: 9780819227744},
	author = {Drescher, Elizabeth and Anderson, Keith}
}
@inbook {586,
	title = {Constituents of a Theory of Media},
	booktitle = {Electronic Media and Technoculture},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Rutgers University Press },
	organization = {Rutgers University Press },
	chapter = {2 (pg 51-76)},
	address = {New Brunswick },
	abstract = {Never before has the future been so systematically envisioned, aggressively analyzed, and grandly theorized as in the present rush to cyberspace and digitalization. In the mid-twentieth century, questions about media technologies and society first emerged as scholarly hand-wringing about the deleterious sweep of electronic media and information technologies in mass culture. Now, questions about new technologies and their social and cultural impact are no longer limited to intellectual soothsayers in the academy but are pervasive parts of day-to-day discourses in newspapers, magazines, television, and film.

Electronic Media and Technoculture anchors contemporary discussion of the digital future within a critical tradition about the media arts, society, and culture. The collection examines a range of phenomena, from boutique cyber-practices to the growing ubiquity of e-commerce and the internet. The essays chart a critical field in media studies, providing a historical perspective on theories of new media. The contributors place discussions of producing technologies in dialogue with consuming technologies, new media in relation to old media, and argue that digital media should not be restricted to the constraining public discourses of either the computer, broadcast, motion-picture, or internet industries. The collection charts a range of theoretical positions to assist readers interested in new media and to enable them to weather the cycles of hardware obsolescence and theoretical volatility that characterize the present rush toward digital technologies.},
	keywords = {Constituents, electronic, media, media theory, theory},
	issn = {0813527341},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=n1QqHWAlmF4C\&pg=PA51\&lpg=PA51\&dq=Constituents+of+a+Theory+of+Media+by+Enzensberger+in+Electronic+Media+and+Technoculture\&source=bl\&ots=BEsekeBaWI\&sig=GUlPt4HPCAmlPqQlIgZZNSe-PIA\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=m0ljUO-6M6Ke2QWc9IHIBQ\&ved=0CC},
	author = {Enzensberger, H.M.},
	editor = {Caldwell, J.T.}
}
@book {221,
	title = {Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {University Press of America},
	organization = {University Press of America},
	address = {Landham, Maryland},
	abstract = {In Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media, Charles Ess collects contemporary scholarship to address the question: What does critical thinking about the Bible mean as the Bible is _transmediated_ from print to electronic formats? This volume, the first of its kind, is made up of contributions originally developed for a conference sponsored by the American Bible Society. Ess provides a collection grounded in a wide diversity of religious traditions and academic disciplines--philosophy, biblical studies, theology, feminism, aesthetics, communication theory, and media studies. His introduction summarizes the individual chapters and develops their broader significance for contemporary debates regarding media, postmodernism, and the possible relationships between faith and reason},
	keywords = {Bible, New Media},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Ak-IYZaBFK4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Ess, Charles}
}
@article {2143,
	title = {The counterpublic of the J(ewish) Blogosphere: gendered language and the mediation of religious doubt among ultra-Orthodox Jews in New York},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute },
	volume = {23},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {727-747},
	abstract = {While there have always been doubters and heretics among ultra-Orthodox Jews, access to the Internet over the past fifteen years has amplified opportunities for anonymous expression and connection. An early key platform was the Jblogosphere (Jewish Blogosphere), which flourished between 2003 and 2009. This article focuses on four Hasidic bloggers (three men and a woman) who were part of a growing counterpublic of secret religious doubters. I trace how this counterpublic challenged the authority of the ultra-Orthodox religious public sphere through gendered digital writing and reading in varieties of Yiddish and English. Linguistic resources for those engaging with the new medium of the blog became proxies for bodies that could not change without risk of expulsion. However, the counterpublic remained almost exclusively for men, reproducing the exclusion of women from the ultra-Orthodox public sphere. The analysis focuses on dynamics between gendered languages and media/semiotic ideologies in order to highlight a historical moment when the mediation of religious doubt became publicly legible, with implications for religious change for individuals and their wider communities.},
	keywords = {Blogosphere, Jewish, language, mediation, religious, ultra Orthodox Jews},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9655.12697},
	author = {Fader, A}
}
@article {2149,
	title = {The Call to Jihad: Charismatic Preachers and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism },
	volume = {40},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {44-61},
	abstract = {A range of psychological, social, and environmental factors render some individuals more susceptible to militant Islam than others. Research also suggests that there are certain {\textquotedblleft}triggers,{\textquotedblright} which help to explain why it is that only some individuals exposed to the same societal structural influences turn to violence. This article seeks to contribute to future empirical research in this area by studying the significance of certain {\textquotedblleft}charismatic{\textquotedblright} preachers in this process and examining the role the Internet plays in strengthening the charismatic bond. Difficulties in defining and measuring {\textquotedblleft}charisma{\textquotedblright} may help in part to explain the paucity of research on this aspect of radicalization but since charismatic authority derives from the bond between preacher and follower, an examination of the activities, strategies, and techniques used to build relationships and win adherents to Salafi-jihadism may provide valuable insights for countering radicalization.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, jihad, Preachers},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157406},
	author = {Gendron, A}
}
@inbook {1180,
	title = {Charting Frontiers of Online Religious Communities:  The Case of Chabad Jews},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {12},
	keywords = {Chabad Jews, Jewish Community, Jewish religion, Jews, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, Online community, Religion and the Internet, religious engagement, Sociology of religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=ox4q7T59KikC\&pg=PA14\&lpg=PA14\&dq=Charting+Frontiers+of+Online+Religious+Communities:+The+Case+of+Chabad+Jews\&source=bl\&ots=twJAMfbftj\&sig=9jGgchqJxWDDUaCEhZ2ags9AehY\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=MFImUvm1N4TXqgHKn4Aw\&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg$\#$v=one},
	author = {Oren Golan}
}
@article {2178,
	title = {Counter-Radicalization via the Internet},
	journal = {The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	volume = {668},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {165-179},
	abstract = {ISIS and other international terrorist organizations rely on the Internet to disseminate their extremist rhetoric and to recruit people to their cause, particularly through popular online social media applications. Any meaningful counterterrorism strategy must, therefore, account for the ways in which terrorist organizations use the Internet to prey on young, manipulable minds who are drawn to radical ideas and propaganda and to the desire to serve a cause larger than themselves. This article outlines the ways in which extremist organizations use the Internet to ensnare new recruits, analyzes the implications of cyber-recruitment on existing counterterrorism techniques, and suggests ways in which the U.S. government can work with Internet service providers and other major cyber corporations to better address this growing threat.},
	keywords = {countering violent extremism, CVE, Internet recruitment, ISIS, radicalization},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716216672635},
	author = {Greenberg, K}
}
@book {2161,
	title = {Cyber Zen: Imagining Authentic Buddhist Identity, Community, and Practices in the Virtual World of Second Life },
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	edition = {1},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Cyber Zen ethnographically explores Buddhist practices in the online virtual world of Second Life. Does typing at a keyboard and moving avatars around the screen, however, count as real Buddhism? If authentic practices must mimic the actual world, then Second Life Buddhism does not. In fact, a critical investigation reveals that online Buddhist practices have at best only a family resemblance to canonical Asian traditions and owe much of their methods to the late twentieth-century field of cybernetics. If, however, they are judged existentially, by how they enable users to respond to the suffering generated by living in a highly mediated consumer society, then Second Life Buddhism consists of authentic spiritual practices.
Cyber Zen explores how Second Life Buddhist enthusiasts form communities, identities, locations, and practices that are both products of and authentic responses to contemporary Network Consumer Society. Gregory Price Grieve illustrates that to some extent all religion has always been virtual and gives a glimpse of possible future alternative forms of religion},
	keywords = {Buddhist, cyber zen, Virtual World, Zen},
	issn = {978-0415628730},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317293262},
	author = {Grieve, G.P}
}
@article {215,
	title = {The Cyberchurch is Coming. National Survey of Teenagers shows Expectation of Substituting Internet for Corner Church},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Church, Cyberchurch, internet, teenagers},
	author = {Barna Research Group}
}
@article {449,
	title = {THE CONSUMER JIHAD: BOYCOTT FATWAS AND NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB},
	journal = {International Journal of Middle East Studies},
	volume = {44},
	number = {45-70},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	abstract = {This article deals with the origins, development, and popularity of boycott fatwas. Born of the marriage of Islamic politics and Islamic economics in an age of digital communications, these fatwas targeted American, Israeli, and Danish commodities between 2000 and 2006. Muftis representing both mainstream and, surprisingly, radical tendencies argued that jihad can be accomplished through nonviolent consumer boycotts. Their argument marks a significant development in the history of jihad doctrine because boycotts, construed as jihadi acts, do not belong to the commonplace categories of jihad as a {\textquotedblleft}military{\textquotedblright} or a {\textquotedblleft}spiritual{\textquotedblright} struggle. The article also demonstrates that boycott fatwas emerged, to a large degree, from below. New media, in particular interconnected computer networks, made it easier for laypersons to drive the juridical discourse. They did so before September 11 as well as, more insistently, afterward. Their consumer jihad had some economic impact on targeted multinationals, and it provoked corporate reactions.},
	keywords = {fatwa online, internet and religion, Islam, jihad},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8480777\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S0020743811001243},
	author = {Leor Halevi}
}
@inbook {275,
	title = {Canadian Religious Diversity Online: A Network of Possibilities},
	booktitle = {Religion and Diversity in Canada},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {127-148},
	publisher = {Brill Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Brill Academic Publishers},
	address = {Boston},
	abstract = {Canada officially prides itself on being a multicultural nation, welcoming people from all around the world, and enshrining that status in its Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as in an array of laws and policies that aim to protect citizens from discrimination on various grounds, including race, cultural origin, sexual orientation, and religion. This volume explores the intersection of these diversities, foregrounding religion as the primary focus of analysis. Taking as their point of departure the contested meaning and implications of the term diversity, the various contributions address issues such as the power relations that diversity implies, the cultural context that limits the understanding and practical acceptance of religious diversity, and how Canada compares in these matters to other countries. Taken together the essays therefore elucidate the Canadian case while also having relevance for understanding this critical issue globally.},
	keywords = {Canada, culture, diversity, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=79bUL99FnVUC\&pg=PA127\&lpg=PA127\&dq=Canadian+Religious+Diversity+Online:+Network+of+Possibilities\&source=bl\&ots=rOhSBr_4tC\&sig=dkyQ6cs6cNZaqRdO4XYGpfWek9g\&hl=en\&ei=BxfoTrObO-jHsQKAleiCCQ\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {53,
	title = {Cyberpilgrimage: A Study of Authenticity, Presence and Meaning in Online Pilgrimage Experiences},
	journal = {Journal of Religion and Popular Culture},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Summer 2009},
	abstract = {The idea of cyberpilgrimage may be met with scepticism. There may be a sense that pilgrimage via the Internet intrinsically cannot be authentic, that without any physical depth, it can only be an affectation, even a caricature, of {\textquotedblleft}proper{\textquotedblright} (terrestrial) pilgrimage. This {\textquotedblleft}authenticity issue{\textquotedblright} is crucial, and failure to address it will undermine academic attempts at its study, even while Internet religion becomes increasingly central to understanding contemporary religious expression. This article explores various aspects of the new phenomenon of cyberpilgrimage, framed by a discussion of the potential authenticity of cyberpilgrimage.},
	url = {http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art21\%282\%29-Cyberpilgrimage.html},
	author = {Connie Hill-Smith}
}
@article {492,
	title = {Cyberpilgrimage: The (Virtual) Reality of Online Pilgrimage Experience},
	journal = {Religion Compass},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {236-246},
	abstract = {Cyberpilgrimage is the practice of undertaking pilgrimage on the internet. Such pilgrimages may be performed for a host of reasons, ranging from idle curiosity to the need to ready oneself, psychologically or informationally, for a {\textquoteleft}real{\textquoteright} (terrestrial) pilgrimage. For some web-users, these experiences may amount to little more than interesting diversions, mildly intriguing ripples in a sea of information and possibility, to be paused upon and pondered briefly before surfing onward to other things. Depending on individual motivations and circumstances, however, they can be deeply charged, transformative, enlightening and profoundly fulfilling on both emotional and spiritual levels. As new as the internet is, cyberpilgrimage is newer; and it seems clear we are witnessing the birth of one of a number of largely uncharted ways by which people are beginning to experience themselves spiritually on the internet. Such experiences tend to be perceived as more self-mediated and, thus, more individualised, liberated and radical than terrestrial experiences of a similar sort (though this is not necessarily the case). This article is intended to explain what cyberpilgrimage can entail, to survey the input to-date of contemporary scholars to the study of cyberpilgrimage; and to offer insight into some of the major debates and questions it raises, in particular with regard to the authenticity of computer-based {\textquoteleft}experience{\textquoteright}.
},
	keywords = {Online, pilgrimage, Ritual},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00277.x/abstract},
	author = {Hill-Smith, C}
}
@book {2931,
	title = {Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill Education},
	organization = {McGraw-Hill Education},
	abstract = {The revolutionary study of how the place where we grew up shapes the way we think, feel, and act-- with new dimensions and perspectives

Based on research conducted in more than seventy countries over a forty-year span, Cultures and Organizations examines what drives people apart{\textemdash}when cooperation is so clearly in everyone{\textquoteright}s interest. With major new contributions from Michael Minkov{\textquoteright}s analysis of data from the World Values Survey, as well as an account of the evolution of cultures by Gert Jan Hofstede, this revised and expanded edition:

Reveals the {\textquotedblleft}moral circles{\textquotedblright} from which national societies are built and the unexamined rules by which people think, feel, and act
Explores how national cultures differ in the areas of inequality, assertiveness versus modesty, and tolerance for ambiguity
Explains how organizational cultures differ from national cultures{\textemdash}and how they can be managed
Analyzes stereotyping, differences in language, cultural roots of the 2008 economic crisis, and other intercultural dynamics},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Cultures-Organizations-Software-Mind-Third/dp/0071664181},
	author = {Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede and Michael Minkov}
}
@inbook {326,
	title = {Cyber Religion: On the Cutting Edge Between the Virtual and the Real},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {50-64},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=48ChiMiMM3sC\&pg=PA50\&lpg=PA50\&dq=Cyber+Religion:+On+the+Cutting+Edge+Between+the+Virtual+and+the+Real\&source=bl\&ots=ymLFlpjJzY\&sig=7o8NzEIsMVfCTJXZL8pGiJQ38Qg\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=iuYhT_XmEYSugwfE3IT1CA\&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg$\#$v=onepage\&},
	author = {Hojsgaard, Morten}
}
@book {2742,
	title = {Creating Church Online: Ritual, Community and New Media},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Online churches are internet-based Christian communities, pursuing worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytization, and other key religious goals through computer-mediated communication. Hundreds of thousands of people are now involved with online congregations, generating new kinds of ritual, leadership, and community and new networks of global influence. Creating Church Online constructs a rich ethnographic account of the diverse cultures of online churches, from virtual worlds to video streams. This book also outlines the history of online churchgoing, from its origins in the 1980s to the present day, and traces the major themes of academic and Christian debate around this topic. Applying some of the leading current theories in the study of religion, media and culture to this data, Tim Hutchings proposes a new model of religious design in contexts of mediatization, and draws attention to digital networks, transformative third spaces and terrains of existential vulnerability. Creating Church Online advances our understanding of the significance and impact of digital media in the religious and social lives of its users, in search of new theoretical frameworks for digital religion.},
	isbn = {9780203111093},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203111093},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317777483_Creating_Church_Online_Ritual_Community_and_New_Media},
	author = {Hutchings, Tim}
}
@article {2078,
	title = {Contemporary religious community and the online church},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1118{\textendash}1135},
	abstract = {{\textquoteleft}Online churches{\textquoteright} are Internet-based Christian communities, seeking to pursue worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytism and other key religious practices through computer-mediated communication. This article introduces findings of a four-year ethnographic study of five very different {\textquoteleft}online churches{\textquoteright}, focusing on the fluid, multi-layered relationship between online and offline activity developed by Christian users of blogs, forums, chatrooms, video streams and virtual worlds. Following a review of online church research and a summary of methods, this article offers an overview of each of the five groups and identifies clear parallels with earlier television ministries and recent church-planting movements. A new model of online and offline activity is proposed, focused on two pairs of concepts, familiarity/difference and isolation/integration, represented as the endpoints of two axes. These axes frame a landscape of digital practice, negotiated with great care and subtlety by online churchgoers. These negotiations are interpreted in light of wider social changes, particularly the shift from bounded community towards {\textquoteleft}networked individualism{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {online church, religious},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2011.591410},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2011.591410},
	author = {Hutchings, T}
}
@inbook {602,
	title = {Creating Church Online: Networks and Collectives in Contemporary Christianity},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	keywords = {Christianity, Cyberchurch},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@inbook {1181,
	title = {Considering Religious Community Through Online  Churches},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {13},
	keywords = {Christian Churches, Contemporary Religious Community, New Media and Society, new media engagement, online Christianity, online church, Religion and the Internet, religious engagement, Sociology of religion, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415676113/},
	author = {Tim Hutchings}
}
@article {601,
	title = {Contemporary Religious Community and the Online Church},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {{\textquoteleft}Online churches{\textquoteright} are Internet-based Christian communities, seeking to pursue worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytism and other key religious practices through computer-mediated communication. This article introduces findings of a four-year ethnographic study of five very different {\textquoteleft}online churches{\textquoteright}, focusing on the fluid, multi-layered relationship between online and offline activity developed by Christian users of blogs, forums, chatrooms, video streams and virtual worlds. Following a review of online church research and a summary of methods, this article offers an overview of each of the five groups and identifies clear parallels with earlier television ministries and recent church-planting movements. A new model of online and offline activity is proposed, focused on two pairs of concepts, familiarity/difference and isolation/integration, represented as the endpoints of two axes. These axes frame a landscape of digital practice, negotiated with great care and subtlety by online churchgoers. These negotiations are interpreted in light of wider social changes, particularly the shift from bounded community towards {\textquoteleft}networked individualism{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Cyberchurch},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@inbook {2079,
	title = {Considering religious community through online churches},
	booktitle = {Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {164{\textendash}172},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London, England},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book provides a detailed review of major topics and includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations. It also considers key theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised within Digital Religion studies. },
	keywords = {online church, religious},
	issn = {978-0415676113},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Religion.html?id=ox4q7T59KikC},
	author = {Hutchings, T}
}
@article {361,
	title = {Creating Church Online: A Case-Study Approach to Religious Experience},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {243-260},
	keywords = {Church, Experience, Online, religion},
	url = {http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/edinburgh-university-press/creating-church-online-a-case-study-approach-to-religious-experience-Rjr4uCIo7a},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@book {2030,
	title = {Creating Church Online },
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Creating Church Online constructs a rich ethnographic account of the diverse cultures of online churches, from virtual worlds to video streams. This book also outlines the history of online churchgoing, from its origins in the 1980s to the present day, and traces the major themes of academic and Christian debate around this topic. Applying some of the leading current theories in the study of religion, media and culture to this data, Tim Hutchings proposes a new model of religious design in contexts of mediatization, and draws attention to digital networks, transformative third spaces and terrains of existential vulnerability. Creating Church Online advances our understanding of the significance and impact of digital media in the religious and social lives of its users, in search of new theoretical frameworks for digital religion.},
	keywords = {Church, Online},
	issn = {978-0-415-53693-6},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=jCElDwAAQBAJ\&pg=PA240\&lpg=PA240\&dq=tim+hutchings+spreading+church+online\&source=bl\&ots=iGY5FUbRlM\&sig=KIk6zTYbFqQ5mnzw8cTwtlbmezk\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjV_4yHzvvaAhVG1IMKHZT9DIwQ6AEIPzAE$\#$v=onepage\&q=tim\%20hutchings\%20spre},
	author = {Tim Hutchings}
}
@article {460,
	title = {Communicating Hinduism in a Changing Media Context},
	journal = {Religion Compass},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {136{\textendash}151},
	abstract = {New media forms have a range of implications for the way in which the Hindu community is conceived and Hinduism is practiced. Oral modes of communication continue to have a significant role in the communication of Hinduism, however, Hindus have also made effective, and often innovative, use of all media forms. The use of print made by Hindu reformers, such as Rammohun Roy, was an important feature in the conceptualization of Hinduism as a {\textquoteleft}world religion{\textquoteright}. Print technology also made possible the proliferation of visual images, which have now become incorporated into the devotional practices of many Hindus. Hindus have also developed unique genres in film and television, drawing on the rich narrative traditions of Hindu mythology. Hinduism can also be found in cyberspace. Online dar{\'s}an, online puj{\={a}} services and other uses of the Internet have enabled Hindus, both in India and in diaspora, to maintain a connection with gurus, sacred places and other aspects of tradition. These developments in communication technologies are important in understanding Hinduism today, and the way in which it has evolved in a global context.},
	keywords = {Communication, Hindu, media},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00333.x/abstract},
	author = {Jacobs, Stephen}
}
@book {2938,
	title = {Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {New York University Press},
	organization = {New York University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Convergence Culture maps a new territory: where old and new media intersect, where grassroots and corporate media collide, where the power of the media producer and the power of the consumer interact in unpredictable ways.

Henry Jenkins, one of America{\textquoteright}s most respected media analysts, delves beneath the new media hype to uncover the important cultural transformations that are taking place as media converge. He takes us into the secret world of Survivor Spoilers, where avid internet users pool their knowledge to unearth the show{\textquoteright}s secrets before they are revealed on the air. He introduces us to young Harry Potter fans who are writing their own Hogwarts tales while executives at Warner Brothers struggle for control of their franchise. He shows us how The Matrix has pushed transmedia storytelling to new levels, creating a fictional world where consumers track down bits of the story across multiple media channels.Jenkins argues that struggles over convergence will redefine the face of American popular culture. Industry leaders see opportunities to direct content across many channels to increase revenue and broaden markets. At the same time, consumers envision a liberated public sphere, free of network controls, in a decentralized media environment. Sometimes corporate and grassroots efforts reinforce each other, creating closer, more rewarding relations between media producers and consumers. Sometimes these two forces are at war.

Jenkins provides a riveting introduction to the world where every story gets told and every brand gets sold across multiple media platforms. He explains the cultural shift that is occurring as consumers fight for control across disparate channels, changing the way we do business, elect our leaders, and educate our children.},
	url = {https://nyupress.org/9780814742952/convergence-culture/},
	author = {Jenkins, H}
}
@book {2944,
	title = {The church is flat: The relational ecclesiology of the emerging church movement},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {The JoPa Group},
	organization = {The JoPa Group},
	address = {Edina, MN},
	abstract = {The Church Is Flat is the first significant, researched study into the ecclesiology of the emerging church movement. Research into eight congregations is put into conversation with the theology of J{\"u}rgen Moltmann, concluding with pragmatic proposals for the the practice of a truly relational ecclesiology.

Tony Jones visited eight emerging church congregations (Cedar Ridge Community Church, Pathways Church, Vintage Faith Church, Journey Church, Solomon{\textquoteright}s Porch, House of Mercy, Church of the Apostles, and Jacob{\textquoteright}s Well), facilitating interviews, focus groups, and surveys.

After interpreting the data, Jones pulls out the most significant practices of these congregations and judges them relative to the relational ecclesiology of J{\"u}rgen Moltmann. Finally, Jones proposes a way forward for the emerging church movement, and the Protestant church writ large.
},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Church-Flat-Relational-Ecclesiology-Emerging-ebook/dp/B005GLJ7GG},
	author = {Jones, T}
}
@conference {1907,
	title = {Communities of (Digital) Practice: Preparing religious leaders for lively online engagement},
	booktitle = {Religious Education Association},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	publisher = {Religious Education Association},
	organization = {Religious Education Association},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	abstract = {The digital revolution has expanded the skill set needed for leadership in faith communities. Theological education has adapted slowly. We chronicle the transformation of a teaching and learning center at a denominational seminary from static resource-lending enterprise into a dynamic learning lab for digital engagement. Convening communities of digital media practice in an action research setting, the center equips religious educators to be substantial contributors to online conversations about faith. Using situated learning theory, we discuss our research with faith formation practitioners and seminarians.},
	keywords = {Christian education, digital literacy, evangelism, faith formation, social media, theological education},
	url = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/1V-Kbz5H1DPZIpJlF0iD1njn5w3F8H2lxBy4BJueKEF4/edit?usp=sharing},
	author = {Lisa Kimball and Kyle Oliver}
}
@inbook {516,
	title = {The changing faces of media and religion},
	booktitle = {Religion and Change in Modern Britain },
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London },
	abstract = {This book offers a fully up-to-date and comprehensive guide to religion in Britain since 1945. A team of leading scholars provide a fresh analysis and overview, with a particular focus on diversity and change. They examine: relations between religious and secular beliefs and institutions the evolving role and status of the churches the growth and settlement of non-Christian religious communities the spread and diversification of alternative spiritualities religion in welfare, education, media, politics and law theoretical perspectives on religious change. The volume presents the latest research, including results from the largest-ever research initiative on religion in Britain, the AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme. Survey chapters are combined with detailed case studies to give both breadth and depth of coverage. The text is accompanied by relevant photographs and a companion website.
},
	keywords = {media, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_And_Change_In_Modern_Britain.html?id=4OCMRAAACAAJ},
	author = {Knott, Kim. and Mitchell, Jolyon}
}
@inbook {1296,
	title = {Christian Evangelizing Across National Boundaries: Technology, Cultural Capital and the Intellectualization of Religio},
	booktitle = {Religion and Place},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	chapter = {pp 21-38},
	abstract = {Christian evangelical work across national boundaries is often associated with missionary work. In this chapter, I focus on other strategies used in Christian evangelizing, particularly the widespread international dissemination and replication of courses about Christianity for the unconverted using standardized material and approaches. I examine how religious globalization (i.e. the convergence and conformity of religious practice across national boundaries) through such courses takes place, with the aid of technology, the tapping of shared cultural capital and the {\textquotedblleft}intellectualization{\textquotedblright} of religion. I argue that such forms of evangelization work for certain audiences better than for others. Using the case of the Alpha course, an evangelical Christian course originating in London and replicated in different parts of the world, and focusing on its dissemination and effects in Singapore, I demonstrate how the evangelical material works best with a transnational elite audience with a shared cultural and intellectual capital},
	keywords = {Alpha course, audience, Christianity, cultural capital, evangelical, intellectual capital, intellectualization, London, religion, Singapore},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-4685-5_2},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-4685-5_2},
	author = {Lily Kong}
}
@inbook {233,
	title = {Christian Web Sites: Usage and Desires},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {166-179},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. <br>Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&pg=PA177\&lpg=PA177\&dq=Christian+Web+Sites:+Usage+and+Desires.+In+Religion+and+Cyberspace\&source=bl\&ots=0g7s_v_zkO\&sig=ho3t4ZAKb9c4a6UVFxcUyQD-fKY\&hl=en\&ei=ZmS8To2lBbOA2AX89ZmQBQ\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&r},
	author = {Laney, Michael}
}
@inbook {191,
	title = {CyberFaith: How Americans Pursue Religion Online},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {17-22},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&pg=PA16\&lpg=PA16\&dq=CyberFaith:+How+Americans+Pursue+Religion+Online\%5C\&source=bl\&ots=ahRdNYG5qO\&sig=pxouYig_5q0zXrshy1fCj7Xzorg\&hl=en\&ei=Yzu4TuvzJuS3sQKYpe3pAw\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=7\&ved=0CEMQ},
	author = {Larsen, Elena}
}
@article {190,
	title = {CyberFaith: How Americans Pursue Religion Online},
	year = {2001},
	abstract = {The 25\% of Internet users who have searched online for religious information parallel the profile of the American population at large. However, the intensity of religious devotion of {\textquotedblleft}Religion Surfers{\textquotedblright} distinguishes them from the general population. Some 81\% of online Religion Surfers describe their commitment to faith as {\textquotedblleft}very strong,{\textquotedblright} compared to only 19\% of the population as a whole. The top uses of the Internet by Religion Surfers are simply to find information on their own faith or another one. Old-fashioned face-to-face socializing is much more appealing to Religion Surfers than tech-aided interactions with others that are related to faith. In our sample of 500 Religion Surfers, 9\% of them had looked for religious or spiritual information via the Internet on the same day we reached them, 26\% had gone online for such information within the past week, 29\% had made the search within the past month, 26\% had made the search in the past six months and 9\% had performed the search more than six months ago.},
	url = {http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2001/CyberFaith-How-Americans-Pursue-Religion-Online.aspx},
	author = {Larsen, Elena}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Cyber-Islamophobia? The case of WikiIslam},
	journal = {Contemporary Islam},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {31 March 2007},
	pages = {53-67},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands},
	abstract = {A large amount of academic research has analysed and documented the fact that Muslims are often presented in a negative or stereotypical way in Western media and popular culture. This article focuses on how the Internet can also be used in spreading and publishing anti-Islamic and anti-Muslim opinions. Although the Internet is significant in the development of contemporary society, no studies have focused on the importance of information and communication technologies in spreading Islamophobic opinions. However, the new technologies can also be used for monitoring and combating Islamophobia, and many Muslim organisations are today using the Internet for these purposes. The article is based on an indepth analysis of both anti-Muslim and pro-Muslim homepages that can be related to the debate over Islamophobia.},
	keywords = {internet, Islam, Islamophobia, Reactive identities},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/p02g0g86387j4t62/},
	author = {G{\"o}ran Larsson}
}
@article {390,
	title = {Cultivating the Self in Cyberspace: The Use of Personal Blogs among Buddhist Priests},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {97-114},
	abstract = {This research attempts to understand the Internet religious practices from the immanent perspective. Since previous research on this subject has been mainly transcendental, this study offers a challenging view using a different perspective. The exploration of cultivating the self in cyberspace revealed that the degree of self-cultivation varies contingent upon the given conditions and the technologies that the priests practice to interact with them. This research has a potential to further the exploration of the interaction of cyberspace and the inner self, expanding the boundary of the study beyond online religious practices. When cyberspace and the self are understood in the plane of consistency, the range of the study about the engagement of the self in the new media can be opened out. Understanding the notions of the process of territorializing intensities and technologies of the self, the engagement of the self in cyberspace can be more specifically developed.},
	keywords = {blogs, cyberspace, Self},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15348420902881027$\#$preview},
	author = {Lee, J.}
}
@article {2041,
	title = {Considering Critical Methods and Theoretical Lenses in Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {5-14},
	abstract = {This article introduces a special issue on critical methods and theoretical lenses in Digital Religion studies, through contextualising them within research trajectories found in this emerging field. By starting from the assertion that current {\textquotedblleft}fourth-wave of research on religion and the Internet,{\textquotedblright} is focused on how religious actors negotiate the relationships between multiple spheres of their online and offline lives, article authors spotlight key theoretical discussions and methodological approaches occurring within this interdisciplinary area of inquiry. It concludes with notable methodological and theoretical challenges in need of further exploration. Together it demonstrates how religion is practiced and reimagined within digital media spaces, and how such analysis can contribute to broader understanding of the social and cultural changes new media technologies are facilitating within society.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, media technologies, methodology, religion, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649911},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, M and Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {196,
	title = {Constructing Religious Identity on the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {121-137},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. 
Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&pg=PA121\&lpg=PA121\&dq=Constructing+Religious+Identity+on+the+Internet+L{\"o}vheim,+Mia+and+Alf+G+Linderman\&source=bl\&ots=0g7sXyYEoJ\&sig=9_FLpZkhLatlN22RltlpIN4uA5s\&hl=en\&ei=_D-4TtyQHoqzsAKi8cntAw\&sa=X\&oi=book_resu},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, Mia and Linderman, Alf G}
}
@inbook {517,
	title = {Contested Communication. Mediating the Sacred},
	booktitle = {Implications of the Sacred in (Post)Modern Media},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {43-62},
	publisher = {Nordicom},
	organization = {Nordicom},
	address = {Gothenburgh},
	abstract = {In recent years, there has been growing awareness across a range of academic disciplines of the value of exploring issues of religion and the sacred in relation to cultures of everyday life. Exploring Religion and the Sacred in a Media Age offers inter-disciplinary perspectives drawing from theology, religious studies, media studies, cultural studies, film studies, sociology and anthropology. Combining theoretical frameworks for the analysis of religion, media and popular culture, with focused international case studies of particular texts, practices, communities and audiences, the authors examine topics such as media rituals, marketing strategies, empirical investigations of audience testimony, and the influence of religion on music, reality television and the internet.Both academically rigorous and of interest to a wider readership, this book offers a wide range of fascinating explorations at the cutting edge of many contemporary debates in sociology, religion and media, including chapters on the way evangelical groups in America have made use of The Da Vinci Code and on the influences of religion on British club culture and electronic dance music.
},
	keywords = {Communication, media, Sacred},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=HRmYapWETqcC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Lundby, Knut.}
}
@mastersthesis {49,
	title = {Computer-Mediated Communication and Theology: A Missional Analysis of Digital Media},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Spring 2006},
	school = {Humboldt State University},
	address = {Arcata, CA},
	abstract = {As a primary goal, this paper will serve to develop a critical understanding of how computer-mediated communication is shaping modern theology. Since this question encompasses very broad areas of study, I will narrow my focus to frameworks where this shift can be analyzed in a concise way, as well as provide insight into where I think contemporary theology is going.},
	url = {http://www.mohland.com/mohland-senior-thesis.pdf},
	author = {Josh Mohland}
}
@inbook {1253,
	title = {Cybersociality: Connecting Digital Fun to the Play of God},
	booktitle = {Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games With God},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	organization = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	chapter = {12},
	keywords = {cyber, cybersociality, Digital Religion, digital technologies, Digital Worlds, Immersion, popular culture, theology, transcendentalize secularity, video games},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/366940/_Cybersociality_Connecting_Digital_Cultures_to_the_Play_of_God},
	author = {John W. Morehead}
}
@article {2134,
	title = {Creative and Lucrative Daʿwa: The Visual Culture of Instagram amongst Female Muslim Youth in Indonesia},
	journal = {Asiascape: Digital Asia},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {68-99},
	abstract = {Social media have become part of the private and public lifestyles of youth globally. Drawing on both online and offline research in Indonesia, this article focuses on the use of Instagram by Indonesian Muslim youth. It analyzes how religious messages uploaded on Instagram through posts and captions have a significant effect on the way in which Indonesian Muslim youth understand their religion and accentuate their (pious) identities and life goals. This article argues that Instagram has recently become the ultimate platform for Indonesian female Muslim youth to educate each other in becoming virtuous Muslims. The creativity and zeal of the creators of Instagram daʿwa (proselytization), and their firm belief that {\textquoteleft}a picture is worth a thousand words{\textquoteright}, has positioned them as social media influencers, which in turn has enabled them to conduct both soft daʿwa and lucrative daʿwa through business.},
	keywords = {culture, Da{\textquoteright}wa, fashion, Indonesia, Instagram, Muslim youth, veiling},
	url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22142312-12340085},
	author = {Nisa, E.F}
}
@article {2087,
	title = {Catholic, protestant and holistic spiritual appropriations of the internet},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1097{\textendash}1117},
	abstract = {This article relies on in-depth qualitative interviews with 21 web designers, active in the fields of Catholicism, Protestantism and holistic spirituality in the Netherlands, to study religious appropriations of the Internet. The authors found that these different religious groups embraced the medium of the Internet motivated by a common desire to make oneself heard in the cacophony of voices that has resulted from processes of secularization and religious change. In doing so, Catholic web designers struggle with the dilemma of either following Roman orthodoxy or creating room for dialogue and diversity, whereas their Protestant counterparts feel forced to either let a thousand flowers bloom or surrender to a highly compromised image of their faith. Holistic spirituality, finally, struggles with neither of these problems and appropriates the Internet as its virtually natural habitat for sharing and connecting. The authors conclude that, consistent with theories about cultured technology and spiritualizing of the Internet, offline religious heritages matter a lot when religions seek to appropriate the Internet through web design. These appropriations tend not to be smooth transpositions of coherent and conflict-free offline religious heritages to online environments, however, but conflict-ridden processes stirring long-standing struggles over authority and identity.},
	keywords = {Catholic, internet, Protestant, religion, spiritual},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2011.597415},
	author = {Noomen, I and Aupers, S and Houtman, D}
}
@article {514,
	title = {Cyberspace as Sacred Space. Communicating Religion on Computer Networks},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Communication, Computer, cyberspace, networks},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1465622?uid=3739536\&uid=2129\&uid=2\&uid=70\&uid=4\&uid=3739256\&sid=56265187143},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Leary, Stephen.D.}
}
@article {525,
	title = {Cyberethics: New challenges or old problems},
	journal = {Concilium},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {15-26},
	keywords = {cyberspace, ethics},
	author = {Ottmar, J.}
}
@article {200,
	title = {Cyberspace as Sacred Space: Communicating Religion on Computer Networks},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {781-808},
	url = {http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/content/LXIV/4/781.full.pdf+html},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Leary, Stephen}
}
@inbook {1256,
	title = {Claiming Religious Authority: Muslim Women and New Media },
	booktitle = {Media, Religion and Gender Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {9},
	keywords = {Authority, Digital Religion, GENDER, Islam, Muslim, New Media},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415504737/},
	author = {Anna Piela}
}
@article {2820,
	title = {Contesting $\#$StopIslam: The Dynamics of a Counter-narrative Against Right-wing Populism},
	journal = {Open Library of Humanities},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {This paper sets out quantitative findings from a research project examining the dynamics of online counter-narratives against hate speech, focusing on $\#$StopIslam, a hashtag that spread racialized hate speech and disinformation directed towards Islam and Muslims and which trended on Twitter after the March 2016 terror attacks in Brussels. We elucidate the dynamics of the counter-narrative through contrasting it with the affordances of the original anti-Islamic narrative it was trying to contest. We then explore the extent to which each narrative was taken up by the mainstream media. Our findings show that actors who disseminated the original hashtag with the most frequency were tightly-knit clusters of self-defined conservative actors based in the US. The hashtag was also routinely used in relation to other pro-Trump, anti-Clinton hashtags in the run-up to the 2016 presidential election, forming part of a broader, racialized, anti-immigration narrative. In contrast, the most widely shared and disseminated messages were attempts to challenge the original narrative that were produced by a geographically dispersed network of self-identified Muslims and allies. The counter-narrative was significant in gaining purchase in the wider media ecology associated with this event, due to being reported by mainstream media outlets. We ultimately argue for the need for further research that combines {\textquoteleft}big data{\textquoteright} approaches with a conceptual focus on the broader media ecologies in which counter-narratives emerge and circulate, in order to better understand how opposition to hate speech can be sustained in the face of the tight-knit right-wing networks that often outlast dissenting voices.},
	url = {https://olh.openlibhums.org/articles/10.16995/olh.406/},
	author = {Poole, Elizabeth and Giraud, Eva and Quincey, Ed de}
}
@inbook {612,
	title = {The Cybersangha: Buddhism on the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet },
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {10 (pg. 135-147)},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Cybersangha, cyberspace, internet, Online, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&pg=PA123\&lpg=PA123\&dq=The+Cyber+Sangha:+Buddhism+on+the+Internet+by+Prebish\&source=bl\&ots=ahTmLWH6rM\&sig=X9S_FlncZAcHkpdQKYBhigIdegU\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=lmVvUOnmOeGg2AXF24GYBw\&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Prebish, C.D.},
	editor = {Dawson, L. and Cowan, D.}
}
@inbook {212,
	title = {The Cybersangha: Buddhism on the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet. },
	year = {2004},
	pages = {135-150},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Onlineprovides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&pg=PA123\&lpg=PA123\&dq=Prebish,+Charles.+2004+The+Cybersangha:+Buddhism+on+the+Internet.+In+Religion+Online:+Finding+Faith+on+the+Internet\&source=bl\&ots=ahRdOXB-kO\&sig=gt2DhfwYjaWnRoD0qj6Ne_sqTQw\&hl=en\&ei=1oS5T},
	author = {Prebish, Charles}
}
@conference {1299,
	title = {Clothed With Strength And Dignity: How Evangelical Women are Re-Claiming and  Re-Constructing the Evangelical Church in the Blogosphere},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {The World Social Science Forum},
	organization = {The World Social Science Forum},
	address = {Montreal, Canada},
	abstract = {Much has been written on the significance of the religious web log or {\textquotedblleft}blog{\textquotedblright} in the past decade, 
especially as its growing popularity among authors and readers alike has coincided with the continued 
decline in institutional church attendance in the West (see Cheong et al, Corrigon et al, Campbell, and 
West). However, much less has been written on the significance of religious blogs authored by women, 
and particularly those that are written from a standpoint of cultivated ambivalencei 
toward the doctrines and practices of their religious traditions; a phenomenon that is especially poignant for feminist 
scholars to consider given the historical tendency for patriarchal religious institutions to marginalize 
and delegitimize women{\textquoteright}s voices (Bammert 155; Gallagher 215; Steiner-Aeschliman and Mauss 248). 
To that end, it is further pertinent to consider the growing popularity of religious blogs authored by 
women in North America who identify as evangelical Protestant{\textemdash}a Christian tradition that remains 
largely (albeit not exclusively) committed to the value of patriarchal authority within and outside the 
institutional church, even (and especially) while some mainline Protestant denominations have been 
adopting the value of gender equality both at the institutional and doctrinal levels (Steiner-Aeschliman 
and Mauss 248; Keller and Ruether xxxviii-xxxix). This exploratory study accordingly employs 
feminist Critical Discourse Analysis to investigate a purposive selection of religious blogs that are 
authored by evangelical women and written from a standpoint of cultivated ambivalence.},
	keywords = {Blogosphere, Christianity, Digital Religion, Evangelical Church, female, GENDER, Women},
	url = {http://www.wssf2013.org/sites/wssf2013.org/files/full_papers/extended_abstract_pdf.pdf},
	author = {Vanessa Reimer}
}
@book {355,
	title = {Cybernauts Awake!: Ethical and Spiritual Implications of Computers, Information Technology and the Internet},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Church Publishing House},
	organization = {Church Publishing House},
	address = {London},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=w4Lupu5wTNwC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Church of England Board for Social Responsibility}
}
@book {259,
	title = {The Church of Facebook: How the Hyperconnected Are Redefining Community},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {David C. Cook},
	organization = {David C. Cook},
	address = {Colorado Springs, CO},
	abstract = {A revolution is taking place, one profile at a time. Online social networks are connecting people like never before. And with millions of users, they{\textquoteright}re creating a virtual world that erases all boundaries. It{\textquoteright}s a movement that{\textquoteright}s changing how we form relationships, perceive others, and shape our identity. Yet at their core, these sites reflect our need for community. Our need for intimacy, connection, and a place to simply belong. Are we seeing the future of the church? Do these networks help or hurt relationships? And what can these sites teach us about God and each other? The Church of Facebook explores these ideas and much more. Author Jesse Rice offers a revealing look at the wildly popular world of online social groups. From profiles, to The Wall, to status updates, to {\textquotedblleft}poking,{\textquotedblright} Jesse shares what Facebook reveals about us, and what it may mean for the church.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=83T5eGQ_hXAC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Rice, Jesse}
}
@article {1312,
	title = {Close Ties, Intercessory Prayer, and Optimism Among American Adults: Locating God in the Social Support Network},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {35},
	abstract = {Prayer is often an interpersonal phenomenon. It represents not only a form of social support shared between or among people, but also a means of embedding an unobservable actor (God) within a conventionally observable social network. This study considers whether the receipt of intercessory prayer from close network ties is associated with future-oriented well-being. Analyses use social network module data from the Portraits of American Life Study (PALS), a nationally representative study of American adults containing a breadth of information not available in prior studies of networks, prayer, and well-being. Despite experiencing more instances of recent adversity (mental or physical health problem, financial trouble, and unemployment), prayed-for PALS respondents report the highest levels of optimism. Furthermore, the association between network prayer and optimism is robust to inclusion of individual-level indicators of religiosity. Finally, other forms of social support that an individual receives from his or her close ties do not explain the benefits of intercessory prayer.},
	keywords = {intercession, offline, optimism, Prayer, religion, social networks, social support, well-being},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jssr.12010/abstract},
	author = {Markus H. Schafer}
}
@mastersthesis {50,
	title = {Conceptualising Hinduism},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2009},
	month = {March 2009},
	school = {Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore},
	address = {Singapore},
	abstract = {There is not a homogenous religion that can be referred to as Hinduism. Instead, {\textquoteleft}Hinduism{\textquoteright} encompasses a diverse range of practices, beliefs, and groups that can be subsumed under the term {\textquoteleft}Hindu.{\textquoteright} Despite this, Hinduism is often used in both popular and academic works to refer to a religion that is comparable to, for example, Christianity or Islam. This is clearly highly problematic. In this paper I show that although there is certainly not a homogenous religion that can be referred to as Hinduism, the use of the term is still acceptable. However, use of the term demands that it is adequately conceptualized. With such a conceptualization, the term can be used with confidence. After I have shown that the term {\textquoteleft}Hinduism{\textquoteright} should be retained, I want to briefly consider aspects of Hinduism in the light of key ideas in the work of Baudrillard. The reason for this is that Baudrillard has interesting things to say regarding the nature of images and the image is of extreme importance within Hinduism. Furthermore, it is worthwhile considering Baudrillard{\textquoteright}s ideas in the light of Hindu images because in his work {\textquoteleft}Simulacra and Simulations{\textquoteright} he makes specific reference to religious images. I will argue that his conclusions regarding religious images are not universal and are highly questionable when applied to Hinduism. Finally, despite my reservations concerning the applicability of Baudrillardian ideas to Hinduism, I consider online images of Hindu deities in the light of the theory of simulacra. This is because there does not appear to be a strong link between the medium of the Internet and Baudrillard{\textquoteright}s notion of hyper-real simulacra. However, I can conclude that replicated images of Hindu deities on the WWW are no more hyper-real than their original counterparts.},
	url = {http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps09_110.pdf},
	author = {Heinz Scheifinger}
}
@book {1249,
	title = {Christianity and the mass media in America : toward a democratic accommodation},
	series = {Rhetoric and public affairs series.},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {East Lansing, Mich. : Michigan State University Press},
	organization = {East Lansing, Mich. : Michigan State University Press},
	abstract = {Demonstrates how religion and the media in America have borrowed each other{\textquoteright}s rhetoric. In the process, they have also helped to keep each other honest, pointing out respective foibles and pretensions. Christian media have offered the public as well as religious tribes some of the best media criticism - better than most of the media criticism produced by mainstream media themselves. Meanwhile, mainstream media have rightly taken particular churches to task for misdeeds as well as offered some surprisingly good depictions of religious life},
	keywords = {America, Christian media, communication research, media, media criticism, religion, religious life, Religious sociology, rhetoric},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/title/christianity-and-the-mass-media-in-america-toward-a-democratic-accommodation/oclc/53045150/editions?referer=di\&editionsView=true},
	author = {Quentin J Schultze}
}
@article {2129,
	title = {Creating a Place of Prayer for the {\textquoteright}Other{\textquoteright}: A Comparative Case Study in Wales Exploring the Effects of Re-shaping Congregational Space in an Anglican Cathedral},
	journal = {Journal of Empirical Theology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {218-235},
	abstract = {Provision of spaces for personal prayer and reflection has become a common phenomenon within historic churches and cathedrals in England and Wales, offering an example of devotional activity that operates largely outside that of traditional gathered congregations, but also in relationship with them. Over the past decade, the apSAFIP (the ap Si{\^o}n Analytic Framework for Intercessory Prayer) has been employed to examine the content of personal prayer requests left in various church-related locations, mapping similarities and differences in pray-ers{\textquoteright} concerns. Building on this research tradition, the present study examines whether changes to physical environment in an Anglican cathedral in Wales has an effect on the personal prayer activity occurring within it, with a particular focus on intercessory prayer requests.},
	keywords = {Anglican Cathedral, Prayer, theology, World Christianity},
	url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15709256-12341356},
	author = {ap Si{\^o}n, T}
}
@mastersthesis {45,
	title = {The Christian potential of cyberspace: An appraisal},
	year = {2002},
	month = {13 May 2002},
	school = {Gustavus Adolphus College},
	address = {St. Peter, Minnesota},
	abstract = {Today the Internet is increasingly permeating industrial societies. Affluent people in these cultures are e-mailing their friends and family, browsing the Web, and participating in online discussions through newsgroups and "chat rooms." Churches are sprouting Web sites; online "communities," such as beliefnet.com, offer prayer groups and religion news and information; and some amateur theologians are using the Internet to publish their own theologies. But some believe that the Internet{\textquoteright}s contributions to religion may be far greater. For example, some people see the Internet leading to a greater and greater connectivity among all people, culminating in what Catholic theologian Teilhard de Chardin called the "Omega Point," a type of global consciousness. Others believe that it will be possible for individuals one day to transfer (upload) their consciousnesses into a computer and communicate electronically with other such people through a network. Some have suggested that the Internet might be a metaphor for God. People might easily dismiss these predictions, such as mind uploads, since the technology is not here yet or because they sound ridiculous. But the fact that some have conceptualized a computerized eschatology (such as the Omega Point) or a network god invites examination. Do these claims have any theological value, that is, do they contribute anything new to the discussion about God, or are they simply new manifestations of the dreams of immortality and omniscience that Western civilization has long sought to realize? This thesis assesses whether the Internet can contribute anything "new" to Christian theology, that is, whether the hopes of seeing in the Internet a metaphor for God or using it as a mechanism for searching for God are possible. Or does the Internet instead make possible for worldwide religious communities and an image for contemplating process theology? In other words, can religion speak theologically about the Internet?},
	url = {http://gustavus.edu/academics/religion/theses/},
	author = {Alec Sonsteby}
}
@book {2100,
	title = {Cybertheology. Thinking Christianity in the Era of the Internet},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Fordham Press},
	organization = {Fordham Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {we think Christianity and its theology. Cybertheology is the first book to explore this process from a Catholic point of view. Drawing on the theoretical work of authors such as Marshall McLuhan, Peter Levy, and Teilhard de Chardin, it questions how technologies redefine not only the ways in which we do things but also our being and therefore the way we perceive reality, the world, others, and God. "Does the digital revolution affect faith in any sense?" Spadaro asks. His answer is an emphatic Yes. But how, then, are we to live well in the age of the Internet?},
	keywords = {Christianity, Cybertheology, internet},
	issn = {9780823256990},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Cybertheology.html?id=mUhGCgAAQBAJ},
	author = {Spadaro, A and Maria Way}
}
@article {207,
	title = {Cyber-Buddhism and the Changing Urban Space in Thailand},
	journal = {Space and Culture},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {292-308},
	abstract = {Buddhism in Thailand has long been seen as a holistic cultural system, with an all-embracing normative cosmology that provides everyday meaning. However, it is also a diverse cultural system that produces alternative or Other counterstatist practices that have at times contested the power of the politico-administrative center. In this changing milieu, cyber-Buddhism has emerged as a response to the needs of an increasingly mobile, simulated, and fragmented transnational urban social order. Here, multiple sites essentially constitute the new (post-) metropolis and where material spatial practices and social arrangements have been recoded. This has affected the social practices of everyday life. The monasteries, the spiritual heart/center of the community, once the prime loci (and place) of much social activities and civic interests, now stand in the new middleclass imagination as icons of the past as a consequence of unfettered urban capitalism and the space of flows since the postwar years. Nevertheless, arising from the Thai experience with modernity are new spatial possibilities engendered in large part by hypertechnologies, especially the Internet; digitalized electronics potentially and markedly transforming religious space. In the privileging of space over many temporal (place-made) coordinates, human communities are left only with nostalgia and a simulated more real than real world where original, first-order things cease to exist. Perhaps now we are just beginning to realize the transformative possibilities in urban religion brought about by electronic space.},
	url = {http://sac.sagepub.com/content/6/3/292.abstract},
	author = {Taylor, Jin}
}
@conference {51,
	title = {Crossing Over or Crossing Out? Mass Media, Young People, and Religious Language},
	booktitle = {Papers from Trans-Tasman Research Symposium},
	volume = {xx},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {95-99},
	publisher = {RMIT Publishing},
	organization = {RMIT Publishing},
	address = {Melbourne, Australia},
	abstract = {This article offers readers some background and preliminary findings of what will be a research paper into the interplay between mass media, religious identity and young people living in Australia. The working title of the research is {\textquotedblleft}Crossing Over or Crossing Out? The Media{\textquoteright}s Influence in Young People{\textquoteright}s Religious Language and Imaginings.{\textquotedblright} This project seeks to answer the following questions: 1. How does the interplay between media, culture and religion set the {\textquotedblleft}rules of play{\textquotedblright} for religious language to form and communicate a religious identity? 2. How are individuals freed by, and constrained by, media and culture to seek a religious identity outside the confines of religious institutions? The task involved in this research is two-fold. The first is to provide a theoretical framework that seeks to explain how religious language responds to cultural change. This framework should take into account the role of mass media in cultural shifts within contemporary society, provide an overview of the changing religious landscape in recent history, and seek to identify the relationship between them. The second part of the project is to set the framework against human research. It is hoped that some qualitative research may offer clear insight into the ways in which young people use mass media to inform their opinions about organised religion, as well as their own religious beliefs and values. It is also expected that interviews with young people will throw light on how mass media have influenced the ways in which they understand and use religious language to shape and communicate these opinions and ideas. This article will offer some background findings into the development of a theoretical framework for religious language, and some initial discoveries into young people{\textquoteright}s attitudes towards traditional religion and the bases behind them.},
	url = {http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=038923684171545;res=IELHSS},
	author = {Paul Teusner}
}
@inbook {2160,
	title = {Cyber Sisters: Buddhist Women{\textquoteright}s Online Activism and Practice},
	booktitle = {Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Religion and Internet},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {BRILL},
	organization = {BRILL},
	abstract = {The interest of the book lies in the diversity of the geographical areas, religions, and online religious presence which nevertheless have a lot of points in common. Non-interactive websites, social networks, chat lines, and so on come together to provide a good panorama of the online opportunities to religions nowadays.},
	keywords = {Buddhist, cyber, online activism, Women},
	issn = {9789004297951},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=G6KXCgAAQBAJ\&oi=fnd\&pg=PA11\&dq=Internet+and+Buddhism/+Internet+and+Buddhists\&ots=gybgYVWdEA\&sig=MSwiMO5eGBQ8yXo5xzKwyknpcUE$\#$v=onepage\&q=Internet\%20and\%20Buddhism\%2F\%20Internet\%20and\%20Buddhists\&f=false},
	author = {Tomalin, E and Starkey, C and Halafoff, A}
}
@book {244,
	title = {Christians in a.com World: Getting Connected without Being Consumed},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Crossway Books},
	organization = {Crossway Books},
	address = {Wheaton, IL},
	abstract = {In the Internet we are facing the biggest information revolution since the printing press. This technology presents new challenges to our culture as a whole, making it essential that we as Christians be "plugged in." And while millions are online, you, like many, may be simultaneously uneasy about where this new medium is leading us. Noted culture critic Gene Veith and Chris Stamper, a leading voice in modern technology, want to help you understand the significance cyberculture has for us as Christians. The authors tackle the current controversies, including censorship, the possible demise of print, and how it all ties into postmodernism. As they challenge the myths, probe the weaknesses, and reveal the possibilities of this new and continually developing medium, you will become an informed and discerning traveler on the information highway. One who understands the cultural and worldview implications of the Internet and who knows how to be wired to it but not entangled by it.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?printsec=frontcover\&output=reader\&retailer_id=android_market_live\&id=F1acUthK4GUC\&pg=GBS.PA10},
	author = {Veith, Gene Edward and Stamper, Christopher}
}
@book {2879,
	title = {Celebrity Worship },
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Celebrity Worship provides an introduction to the fascinating study of celebrity culture and religion. The book argues for celebrity as a foundational component for any consideration of the relationship between religion, media and culture. Celebrity worship is seen as a vibrant and interactive discourse of the sacred self in contemporary society.

Topics discussed include:

Celebrity culture.
Celebrity worship and project of the self as the new sacred.
Social media and the democratisation of celebrity.
Reactions to celebrity death.
Celebrities as theologians of the self.
Christian celebrity.
Using contemporary case studies, such as lifestyle television, the religious vision of Oprah Winfrey and the death of David Bowie, this book is a gripping read for those with an interest in celebrity culture, cultural studies, media studies, religion in the media and the role of religion in society.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Celebrity-Worship-Media-Religion-Culture/dp/1138587095},
	author = {Peter Ward}
}
@book {372,
	title = {Christian Worship and Technological Change},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {Abingdon Press},
	organization = {Abingdon Press},
	address = {Nashville},
	abstract = {Arguing that a primary influence on the social context of Christian worship is the pervasive presence of technology and technological processes, White traces the interplay between technological processes and Christian worship, and gives suggestions as to how the church might approach scientific advances in a rapidly changing society.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Christian_worship_and_technological_chan.html?id=J3thQgAACAAJ},
	author = {White, S.}
}
@mastersthesis {47,
	title = {Church share: Investigating technology use and adoption among culturally different religious groups},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	school = {Georgia Institute of Technology},
	address = {Atlanta, Georgia},
	abstract = {Outside the workplace, technologies support a new range of activities such as exploring, wondering, loving, and worshipping. Yet, we know little about how individuals appropriate technology to support these activities. Understanding this becomes more pressing as computing{\textquoteright}s presence increases in daily life. For my dissertation, I am investigating use of ICTs to support a subset of these activities, those related to religious aspects of life, or techno-spiritual practices. I focus on techno-spiritual practices within a specific faith and their worship settings {\textemdash} Protestant Christianity and megachurches. I conducted formative studies investigating how megachurches, their pastors, and their laity use ICTs for religious purposes in Atlanta, Ga., U.S., Nairobi, Kenya, and S{\~a}o Paulo, Brazil. Findings from these studies motivated an ICT intervention called ChurchShare, a photo-sharing site that allows laity to take digital photographs and share them with others during church worship services. I hypothesize that this technology will increase laity involvement in worship services and create new socialization styles among megachurch laity. I am exploring this technology through real world deployments. Research conducted in the U.S. primarily informed ChurchShare{\textquoteright}s development; however, I draw from knowledge gained during fieldwork conducted abroad when evaluating ChurchShare. Specifically, I will ask individuals from three culturally distinct churches to use the site. One church will be comprised of U.S. born laity and the others will have predominately immigrant Kenyan and Brazilian worshippers. This will allow me to investigate how culturally different groups appropriate technology for religious purposes. In turn, this will lead to a broader understanding ICT adoption among individuals typically targeted by HCI researchers and ones who are not. This research is expected to yield empirical and theoretical finding that will contribute to human-centered computing research.},
	url = {http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~spwyche/headlinesred/research_index.html},
	author = {Susan P. Wyche}
}
@article {1225,
	title = {Connecting the Actual with the Virtual: The Internet and Social Movement Theory in the Muslim World{\textemdash}The Cases of Iran and Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	chapter = {555},
	abstract = {The rapid expansion of Internet use in the Muslim world has called into question
what role{\textemdash}if any{\textemdash}this medium can play in political action in these countries.
This paper seeks to analyze the extent to which the Internet offers space for an
expansion of social movement theory in the Muslim world. It relies on a number
of case studies from two Muslim countries, the One Million Signatures Campaign
and {\textquotedblleft}Weblogistan{\textquotedblright} in Iran, and the Kefaya Movement and Muslim Brotherhood
blogging in Egypt. When placing Internet use in the context of political scientist and
historian Charles Tilly{\textquoteright}s {\textquotedblleft}repertoire{\textquotedblright} of social movement characteristics (worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment) and political scientist Robert Putnam{\textquoteright}s theory that the Internet can isolate individual users, it appears that the key to
the successful collaboration of the web and social movements is an adaptive
dynamic, through which groups function in both the cyber-world and the real
world. This paper presents a potential vision for the future of the Internet and
Islamic activism based on the assumption that an online element will help generate
some of the elements of Tilly{\textquoteright}s social movement repertoire, particularly if the Internet
is used to inspire sympathetic individuals to real world political action.},
	keywords = {Blogging, Egypt, Internet use, Iran, Islam, Kefaya Movement, Muslim Brotherhood, Muslim minorities, New Media, Weblogistan},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13602004.2010.533453},
	author = {Lernerת Melissa Y}
}
@inbook {2070,
	title = {Communicating Identity through Religious Internet Memes on the {\textquoteleft}Tweeting Orthodoxies{\textquoteright} Facebook Page},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Culture},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {110-123},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {It is the well-known {\textquotedblleft}bulletproof{\textquotedblright} scene from The Matrix movie. We see Keanu Reeves in a green hallway, wearing a black trench coat, dark sunglasses, and a Kippah. His hand is stretched out, holding back a stream of hovering candies, instead of machine-gun bullets. The caption above the photo states {\textquotedblleft}Neo{\textquoteright}s Bar-Mitzvah.{\textquotedblright} This is not a Jewish remake of The Matrix, it is an internet meme shared on the religious Facebook page {\textquotedblleft}Tweeting Orthodoxies,{\textquotedblright} that playfully presents the custom of throwing candies at the Bar-Mitzvah boy after reading the Haphtarah on his Aliyah La-Thorah. This meme, and many others like it, demonstrates how digital culture provides a group of National Religious Jews with unique opportunities to communicate about and engage in the reconstruction of their religious identity. This engagement is studied in the current chapter by investigation of the ways a specific National Religious Facebook group employs internet memes.},
	keywords = {internet meme, Orthodox, religious},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-11},
	author = {Yadlin-Segal, A}
}
