@article {3351,
	title = {To be Seen, Not Just Read: Script Use on the Votive Prayer Tablets of Anime, Manga, and Game Fans},
	journal = {Japanese Studies},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2022.2031138},
	author = {Dale K. Andrews}
}
@article {213,
	title = {Technophilia and Nature Religion: the Growth of a Paradox},
	journal = {Religion },
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {303-314},
	abstract = {This article explores the issues, theoretical paradoxes and potential problems that occur when the ideas and beliefs of Nature Religion adherents (specifically Wiccans) are juxtaposed with many believers{\textquoteright} utilisation and seeming dependence on the technological (read: non-natural), hyper-real communication medium of the Internet for communicating and developing their nature-based ideologies, for the enhancement of their experience of Wiccan practices through ritual, and for community creation and growth.
},
	keywords = {community, Paradox, religion, Ritual, Wicca},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com/research/technophilia-nature-religion-growth-paradox-4/},
	author = {Arthur, Shawn}
}
@article {2884,
	title = {A tale of two voices: Relational dialectics theory},
	journal = {The Journal of Family Communication},
	year = {2004},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15267431.2004.9670130?journalCode=hjfc20},
	author = {Leslie A. Baxter}
}
@article {2743,
	title = {Typing my Religion. Digital use of religious webs and apps by adolescents and youth for religious and interreligious dialogue},
	journal = {Church, Communication and Culture},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {With 13 religions, 8061 religious centers, 2 million of young people, Catalonia accommodates a wide range of religions. Almost 90\% of people own digital devices. In this framework, we aim to study the consumption of digital media by Catalan millennials from all over the region, with only young people from the city of Barcelona being excluded for the purpose of analysis in future projects. Religious apps, games, websites, online communities and participation in forums are some of the main issues we want to explore. We also aim to establish whether or not these devices contribute to consolidate online religious communities and to achieve inter-religious dialogue. For fulfilling this goal, we surveyed more than 1800 young people aged 12{\textendash}18 years. Methodology also included in-depth interviews with coordinators from youth organizations and netnography. This research is based on previous investigations into communication, digital media, sociology and religion by authors such as Campbell, Elzo, Leurs and Hemming.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2017.1347800},
	author = {Bosch, M{\'\i}riam D{\'\i}ez and Sanz, Josep Llu{\'\i}s Mic{\'o} and Gauxachs, Alba Sabat{\'e}}
}
@article {2861,
	title = {Trending $\#$hijabfashion: Using Big Data to Study Religion at the Online\&$\#$8211;Urban Interface},
	journal = {Nordic Journal of Religion and Society},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {This article discusses the potential and the limitations of big data analysis for the study of religion. While big data analysis is often perceived as overtly positivistic because of its quantitative and computational nature, we argue instead that it lends itself to an induc-tive approach. Since the data are typically not collected for the purpose of testing specific hypotheses, it can best be seen as a resource for serendipitous exploration. We therefore pose a number of substantive research questions regarding the global circulation and local mediation of sartorial styles and practices among Muslim women. We present an analysis of the $\#$hijabfashion hashtag on Instagram, drawing on a database of 15 million posts.
},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325186172_Trending_hijabfashion_Using_Big_Data_to_Study_Religion_at_the_Online-Urban_Interface},
	author = {Boy, John D. and Uitermark, Justus and Wiersma, La{\"\i}la}
}
@article {2049,
	title = {There{\textquoteright}s a Religious App for that!: A Framework for Studying Religious Mobile Applications},
	journal = {Mobile Media \& Communication},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {154-172},
	abstract = {This article provides a new methodological approach to studying religious-oriented mobile applications available on the iTunes app store. Through an extensive review of 451 religious apps a number of problems were noted when relying solely on iTunes categories to identify app functions and purpose. Thus further analysis was done in order to present a new typology and framing of religious apps, which more accurately describe their design. We suggest that the 11 new categories offered here suggest a critical framework for studying religious apps. Thus this study provides a starting point for scholars interested in analyzing religious mobile applications to investigate how app developers integrate religious goals into their designs, and consider the primary ways people are expected to practice religion through mobile apps.},
	keywords = {App, religious, religious applications},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2050157914520846},
	author = {Campbell, H and Altenhofen, B and Bellar, W and Cho, K.J}
}
@inbook {317,
	title = {This is my church: Seeing the internet and club culture as spiritual space},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {107-121},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Church, club culture, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {315,
	title = {Texting the Faith: Religious Users and Cell Phone Culture},
	booktitle = {The cell phone reader. Essays in social transformation},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {139-154},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The Cell Phone Reader offers a diverse, eclectic set of essays that examines how this rapidly evolving technology is shaping new media cultures, new forms of identity, and media-centered relationships. The contributors focus on a range of topics, from horror films to hip-hop, from religion to race, and draw examples from across the globe. The Cell Phone Reader provides a road map for both scholars and beginning students to examine the profound social, cultural and international impact of this small device.},
	keywords = {cell phone, Faith, religious, Texting},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=U8uOkAp998IC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {1302,
	title = {Transnational immanence: the autopoietic co-constitution of a Chinese spiritual organization through mediated communication},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {Online},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {Information and communication technologies are often cited as one major source, if not the causal vector, for the rising intensity of transnational practices. Yet, extant literature has not examined critically how digital media appropriation affects the constitution of transnational organizations, particularly Chinese spiritual ones. To address the lack of theoretically grounded, empirical research on this question, this study investigates how the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation (Tzu Chi), one of the largest Taiwan-based civil and spiritual nonprofit organizations among the Chinese diaspora, is co-constituted by various social actors as an operationally closed system through their mediated communication. Based on an innovative theoretical framework that combines Maturana and Varela{\textquoteright}s notion of {\textquoteleft}autopoiesis{\textquoteright} with Cooren{\textquoteright}s ideas of {\textquoteleft}incarnation{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}presentification{\textquoteright}, we provide a rich analysis of Tzu Chi{\textquoteright}s co-constitution through organizational leaders{\textquoteright} appropriation of digital and social media, as well as through mediated interactions between Tzu Chi{\textquoteright}s internal and external stakeholders. In so doing, our research expands upon the catalogue of common economic and relational behaviors by overseas Chinese, advances our understanding of Chinese spiritual organizing, and reveals the contingent role of digital and social media in engendering transnational spiritual ties to accomplish global humanitarian work.},
	keywords = {Asia, Authority, autopoiesis, Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, communicative constitution of organizations, information and communication technologies, nonprofit, social media, Taiwan, transnationalism},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2013.833277$\#$.Ulm51VCsim5},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Jennie M. Hwang and Boris H.J.M. Brummansb}
}
@inbook {285,
	title = {Twitter of Faith: Understanding social media networking and microblogging rituals as religious practices},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {191-206},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {blogs, internet, microblogging, social media},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@book {132,
	title = {TechGnosis: Myth, Magic, and Mysticism in the Age of Information},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Random House},
	organization = {Random House},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {"A most informative account of a culture whose secular concerns continue to collide with their supernatural flip-side."--"Voice Literary Supplement" In this dazzling book, writer and cyber guru Erik Davis demonstrates how religious imagination, magical dreams and millennialist fervor have always permeated the story of technology. Through shamanism to Gnosticism, voodoo to alchemy, Buddhism to evangelism, "TechGnosis" peels away the rational shell of infotech to reveal the utopian dreams, alien obsessions and apocalyptic visions that populate the ongoing digital revolution. Erik Davis{\textquoteright} work has appeared in "Wired," "The Village Voice" and "Gnosis," and he has lectured internationally on technoculture and new forms of religion. He is a fifth-generation Californian who currently lives in San Francisco.},
	keywords = {information, magic, myth, technology},
	author = {Davis, Erik}
}
@book {255,
	title = {Tweet If You Heart Jesus: Practicing Church in the Digital Reformation},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Morehouse Publishing},
	organization = {Morehouse Publishing},
	abstract = {Churches everywhere are scrambling to get linked with Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. But are they ready for the Digital Reformation: the dramatic global shift in the nature of faith, social consciousness and relationship that these digital social media have ushered in? Tweet If You ♥ Jesus brings the wisdom of ancient and medieval Christianity into conversation with contemporary theories of cultural change and the realities of social media, all to help churches navigate a landscape where faith, leadership and community have taken on new meanings.},
	keywords = {Church, Jesus, reformation, Twitter},
	url = {https://www.churchpublishing.org/products/index.cfm?fuseaction=productDetail\&productID=8830},
	author = {Drescher, E}
}
@book {359,
	title = {The Technological System},
	year = {1980},
	publisher = {Continuum},
	organization = {Continuum},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {system, technology},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=EDgSAQAAMAAJ\&q=The+technological+system\&dq=The+technological+system\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=IRorT6qdI4Pu2gXRgqmXDw\&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA},
	author = {Ellul, J.}
}
@book {358,
	title = {The Technological Society},
	year = {1964},
	publisher = {Vintage Books},
	organization = {Vintage Books},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {A penetrating analysis of our technical civilization and of the effect of an increasingly standardized culture on the future of man.},
	keywords = {society, technology},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Technological_Society.html?id=9eftOwAACAAJ},
	author = {Ellul, J.}
}
@book {257,
	title = {Thy Kingdom Connected},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Baker Books},
	organization = {Baker Books},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {Networks are everywhere. From our roads to our relationships, from our food supply to our power grids, networks are an integral part of how we live. Similarly, our churches, denominations, and even the kingdom of God are networks. Knowing how networks function and how to work with rather than against them has enormous implications for how we do ministry.In Thy Kingdom Connected, Dwight J. Friesen brings the complex theories of networking to church leaders in easy-to-understand, practical ways. Rather than bemoaning the modern disintegration of things like authority and structure, Friesen inspires hope for a more connective vision of life with God. He shows those involved in ministry how they can maximize already existing connections between people in order to spread the Gospel, get people plugged in at their churches, and grow together as disciples.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Connection, networking},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=H3CgMl08rzgC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Friesen, Dwight J.}
}
@mastersthesis {69,
	title = {Technology, ecology and spirituality: neopaganism and hybrid ontologies in technoculture},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	school = {Murdoch University},
	abstract = {This thesis considers three convergent issues pertinent to investigations of identity and agency in contemporary society: the proliferation of digital, network technologies, the rise of interest in secular {\textemdash} {\textquoteleft}new edge{\textquoteright} {\textemdash} spiritualities, and our growing awareness of impending ecological crises. I argue that these three issues necessitate a critical reconsideration of human agency, one that embodies a more sustainable and responsible {\textquoteleft}being-in-the-world{\textquoteright}. With this goal in mind, I apply the insights of ecofeminism, feminist approaches to technology and science, and the philosophy of technology, to provide a critical analysis of the human-technology relation in the broader contexts of gender, ecology and spirituality. In particular, I highlight the strengths of ecofeminism, and then employ several alternative theories in order to attend to limitations I identify within ecofeminism; in particular, its uncompromising stance towards modern technology as wholly patriarchal and damaging to both nature and women. Against this position, I argue that technology is fully embedded in and central to our being-in-the-world, and thus must be accounted for in any consideration of contemporary agency. I then attend to both technophobic and technophilic approaches to technology and technoscience in feminism more generally, suggesting how these oppositional tensions are embodied in the figures of the {\textquoteleft}cyborg{\textquoteright} and the {\textquoteleft}goddess{\textquoteright}. In search of more complex, hybridised ways to understand the human-technology relation, I then turn to three key theorists {\textendash} Don Ihde, Donna Haraway and Bruno Latour. Synergising their approaches with the neopagan worldview, I propose a metaphorical and material identity which properly attends to and incorporates the treble issues of ecology, technology and spirituality into its worldview: the technopagan. At once nature-worshipper and digital dweller, the technopagan is a dynamic, multi-faceted and adaptable agent that can effectively challenge traditional humanist binaries between nature and technology, science and religion, and human and nonhuman.},
	keywords = {ecology, neopaganism, Spirituality, technology},
	url = {http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/706/},
	author = {Susan Gallacher}
}
@inbook {301,
	title = {There is no Spoon? The Matrix, Ideology, and The Spiritual logic of Late Capital},
	booktitle = {Teaching Religion and Film},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	keywords = {Ideology, religion, spiritual},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@book {137,
	title = {thelordismyshepherd.com: Seeking God in Cyberspace},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Simcha Press.},
	organization = {Simcha Press.},
	address = {Deerfield Beach, FL},
	abstract = {thelordismyshepherd.com opens a new and necessary dialogue on the soul of cyberspace. It will change the way people think about their computers, about God, about the future and about the interconnected destiny of humanity in this ever-shrinking world. The author, a noted rabbi and journalist, alternates between analytic and experiential approaches to the subject, escorting the reader on a multi-dimensional quest for spiritual and intellectual growth - a "virtual pilgrimage" if you will. A pilgrimage that travels tens of thousands of miles in a matters of instants, from Jerusalem to Mecca, to Chartres, even to Kosovo, and provides a new means of utilizing the vast power of technology to connect us to God and to transcend the artificial boundaries that separate us.},
	keywords = {cyberspace, God, Seeking},
	author = {Hammerman, Joshua}
}
@book {2801,
	title = {Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the Sacred in a Post-secular Modernity},
	series = {Routledge},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Bringing together empirical cultural and media studies of religion and critical social theory, Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the sacred in a post-secular modernity investigates powerful entanglement of religion and new media technologies taking place today, taking stock of the repercussions of digital technology and culture on various aspects of religious life and contemporary culture more broadly. Making the argument that religion and new media technologies come together to create "spheres"{\textemdash}environments produced by an architecture of digital technologies of all sorts, from projection screens to social networking sites, the book suggests that prior social scientific conceptions of religious worship, participation, community and membership are being recast. Using the case of the strain of American Christianity called "multi-site," an emergent and growing church-model that has begun to win favor largely among Protestants in the last decade, the book details and examines the way in which this new mode of religiosity bridges the realms of the technological and the physical. Lastly, the book situates and contextualizes these developments within the larger theoretical concerns regarding the place of religion in contemporary capitalism. Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the sacred in a post-secular modernity offers an important contribution to the study of religion, media, technology and culture in a post-secular world.},
	isbn = {9780815368748},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Technologies-of-Religion-Spheres-of-the-Sacred-in-a-Post-secular-Modernity/Han/p/book/9780815368748},
	author = {Han, Sam}
}
@article {2682,
	title = {Theorizing religion and media in contemporary societies: An account of religious {\textquoteleft}publicization{\textquoteright}},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article argues that a combination of the rapid development and dissemination of media technologies, the liberalization of national media economies and the growth of transnational media spheres is transforming the relationship between religion, popular culture and politics in contemporary societies in ways not adequately accounted for in existing sociological theories of religion (secularization, neo-secularization and rational choice) and still largely neglected in sociological theories of media and culture. In particular, it points to a series of media enabled social processes (de-differentiation, diasporic intensification and re-enchantment) which mirror and counter processes identified with the declining social significance of religion in secularization theory (differentiation, societalization and rationalization), interrupting their secularizing effects and tending to increase the public presence or distribution of religious symbols and discourses, a process described as religious {\textquoteleft}publicization{\textquoteright}. These processes have implications for religious authority, which is reconfigured in a more distributed form but not necessarily diminished, contrary to neo-secularization theory. Furthermore, contrary to rational choice theory, the increased public presence of religion depends not only on competition between religious {\textquoteleft}suppliers{\textquoteright}, but also on the work done by religions beyond the narrow religious sphere ascribed by secular modernity to religion, in supposedly secular spheres such as entertainment, politics, law, health and welfare and hence has implications for the relationship between politics and popular culture central to cultural studies.},
	keywords = {media change},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1367549411419981},
	author = {Herbert, David E. J.}
}
@article {1298,
	title = {The "Third Spaces" of Digital Religion},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Center for Media, Religion and Culture},
	address = {University of Colorado},
	abstract = {The emergence of new modes of digital communicative practice has had both lay and 
scholarly discourses struggling to adapt. The descriptive challenge is, indeed, a formidable one 
as the range and depth of emergent implications in technology, society, culture, and practice 
continues to develop. The trajectories that flow out of "the digital" into individual, social, and 
cultural space seem nearly limitless in extent and scope, at the same time that many voices are 
urging caution in expecting or claiming too much for these practices},
	keywords = {Digital, Digital Religion, Negotiation, New Media, power, Research, Third Spaces},
	url = {http://cmrc.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Hoover-Echchaibi-paper.pdf},
	author = {S. Hoover and N. Echchaibi}
}
@article {2963,
	title = {Thinking critically about and researching algorithms},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {More and more aspects of our everyday lives are being mediated, augmented, produced and regulated by software-enabled technologies. Software is fundamentally composed of algorithms: sets of defined steps structured to process instructions/data to produce an output. This paper synthesises and extends emerging critical thinking about algorithms and considers how best to research them in practice. Four main arguments are developed. First, there is a pressing need to focus critical and empirical attention on algorithms and the work that they do given their increasing importance in shaping social and economic life. Second, algorithms can be conceived in a number of ways {\textendash} technically, computationally, mathematically, politically, culturally, economically, contextually, materially, philosophically, ethically {\textendash} but are best understood as being contingent, ontogenetic and performative in nature, and embedded in wider socio-technical assemblages. Third, there are three main challenges that hinder research about algorithms (gaining access to their formulation; they are heterogeneous and embedded in wider systems; their work unfolds contextually and contingently), which require practical and epistemological attention. Fourth, the constitution and work of algorithms can be empirically studied in a number of ways, each of which has strengths and weaknesses that need to be systematically evaluated. Six methodological approaches designed to produce insights into the nature and work of algorithms are critically appraised. It is contended that these methods are best used in combination in order to help overcome epistemological and practical challenges.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154087},
	author = {Kitchin, R.}
}
@article {150,
	title = {Technological modernization, the Internet, and religion in Singapore},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {This study critically examines the ways in which technological modernization and religion co-exist and mutually reinforce one another within the Singaporean context. Interviews with religious leaders of a diverse set of faiths in Singapore about how they understand the role of information technology in religious practice reveal a broad-based acceptance of the Internet and other information technologies and little sense of a danger to religious faith. Contrary to the proposals of secularization theory, these findings suggest that various religious communities have adopted and in some cases embrace the Internet as part of their contemporary religious mission and strategy for growth. The findings further contribute to historical research on the social construction of technology and lend support to emergent research on the spiritual shaping of Internet technology by religious communities seeking to integrate the Internet into their everyday social and religious practices in wired contexts such as Singapore.
},
	keywords = {Faith, Singapore, Technologies},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/kluver.html},
	author = {Kluver, Randy}
}
@article {1281,
	title = {Transforming Faith-based Education in the Church of Norway:  Mediation of Religious Traditions and Practices in Digital Environments},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {5},
	abstract = {The mediated life-world of children and youth in contemporary, media-rich societies raises challenges for Christian education. The specific {\textquoteright}digital environments{\textquoteright} of communication and social interaction with digital devices on digital networks make a critical context as well as new opportunities for religious education. In 2003 the parliament in Norway decided upon a reform of religious education outside the schools. The Christian churches, other religious communities and organised humanists were invited to make their own training programmes, to be funded by the government. In the white book to the parliament the government stated that use of digital technology and the Internet would be {\textquoteright}a natural part{\textquoteright} of the new faith-based education reform in the country. Digital environments challenge and transform the faith-based education. However, this new programme itself transforms religious education in Norway.},
	keywords = {Christian Churches, Christian education, digital environments, faith-based education, government, media societies},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/studies_in_world_christianity/v012/12.1lundby.html},
	author = {Knut Lundby}
}
@inbook {828,
	title = {Theoretical Framework for Approaching Religion and New Media},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understand Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	number = {225-237},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {Theoretical Framework for Approaching Religion and New Media},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {method, theory},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=ox4q7T59KikC\&pg=PA225\&dq=Digital+Religion+Theory+Knut+Lundby\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=Mo8EUeWGC6jzygHJ5oDgDQ\&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA$\#$v=onepage\&q=Digital\%20Religion\%20Theory\%20Knut\%20Lundby\&f=false},
	author = {Lundby, Knut}
}
@article {1246,
	title = {Techno-Ritualization : the Gohozon Controversy on the Internet},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {91},
	abstract = {In Techno-Ritualization {\textendash} The Gohozon Controversy on the Internet, Mark MacWilliams describes the case of the {\textquotedblleft}Gohonzon{\textquotedblright}, Nichiren{\textquoteright}s sacred mandala consisting of the title of the Lotus Sutra that is used for worship in the various Nichiren Buddhist sects. Whereas this mandala is generally considered as extremely sacred and it is demanded that it should be housed in the home altar and only displayed privately for devotional chanting, it can nowadays be found on the Internet as a {\textquotedblleft}prayer Gohonzon{\textquotedblright} from the American Independent Movement, a Buddhist group unaffiliated with the official authority S{\^o}ka Gakkai International (SGI). The Internet site offers a virtual altar with a fully displayed Gohonzon, twinkling lighted candles before it, and the chant, {\textquotedblleft}Namu Myoho Renge Kyo,{\textquotedblright} flashing syllable by syllable on the screen. MacWilliam underlines the power of the Internet to transform religious practice with the example of the virtual prayer and to challenge real life ecclesiastical organizations: the way the Internet is being used is transforming the way people {\textquotedblleft}do{\textquotedblright} religion.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Gohonzon, Lotus Sutra, Nichiren, Nichiren Buddhist sects, religion, Ritual, sacred mandala, S{\^o}ka Gakkai, worship},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/371},
	author = {Marc MacWilliams}
}
@article {197,
	title = {Techno-Ritualization: The Gohozon Controversy on the Internet},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet },
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2006/6959/pdf/Aufsatz_MacWilliams.pdf},
	author = {MacWilliams, Marc}
}
@article {313,
	title = {Training Catholic youth ministry leaders using Web 2.0 tools},
	journal = {Journal Of Youth Ministry },
	volume = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {81-95},
	keywords = {Roman Catholic Church, Training, Web 2.0, Youth Ministry},
	author = {McCorquodale, Charlotte and Leigh Sterten}
}
@book {3007,
	title = {The Twible: All the chapters of the Bible in 140 characters Or Less . . . Now with 68\% more humor },
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Jana Riess},
	organization = {Jana Riess},
	abstract = {You{\textquoteright}ve wanted to read the Bible, but it{\textquoteright}s uber-long and, let{\textquoteright}s face it, sometimes boring. You{\textquoteright}re a busy person with stuff to do. You want the Bible, only funnier.

Enter The Twible, which brings you every chapter as tweeted in 140 characters or less, from Genesis to Revelation!

Find out what the Bible says you{\textquoteright}re supposed to do if a friend starts worshiping another god, your child disrespects you in public, or you break the Sabbath. (The answers to those dilemmas are to stone your friend, stone your child, and stone yourself. In that order.) Learn where Paul swears in the New Testament, and why Jeremiah could benefit from antidepressants.

Inside The Twible you{\textquoteright}ll find:

A tweet for each of the 1,189 chapters of the Bible
A summary of every book of the Bible in seven words or less
Dozens of informative sidebars (print edition only)
More than 50 original cartoons
A glossary telling you who{\textquoteright}s who in the Bible
Unicorns
From start to finish, The Twible brings the Bible to wonderful, wicked, weird life.

The Twible adapts the Old Testament to the light-hearted quipping familiar in everyday Tweets.-- The Guardian,

The Twible is the most entertaining version of my dad{\textquoteright}s book I{\textquoteright}ve read in the last two millennia! -- Jesus Christ

The Twible is the best example I have ever seen of the reverence of irreverence. Only those who love deeply and securely can bring this kind of humor to the telling of the family{\textquoteright}s stories. Don{\textquoteright}t read it, unless you are prepared to fall in love with them again. -- Phyllis Tickle, author of The Divine Hours and The Great Emergence

I wouldn{\textquoteright}t object if Twibles were in every hotel room. If they{\textquoteright}re using this book, I look forward to the next time Christians attempt to proselytwize -- Hemant Mehta, The Friendly Atheist blogger; author of The Young Atheist{\textquoteright}s Survival Guide

Forget about reading the Bible in a year. Now you can read it in an hour, thanks to the subversive, somewhat disturbed, mind of Jana Riess. -- Peter Enns, author of Genesis for Normal People

The perfect (surreptitious) iPad or Tablet companion for draggy Sunday (or Saturday) morning services. Caution: Not to be used for congregational Scripture reading. -- Mark I. Pinsky, author of The Gospel According to the Simpsons

Whatever you think of Twitter, there can be no speedier or funnier way to read through the Bible than with Riess{\textquoteright}s Twible providing spot-on interpretation chapter by chapter. On a jet stream of solid scholarship, it{\textquoteright}ll keep you thinking long after the hashtags have burned away. -- Kristin Swenson, author of Bible Babel: Making Sense of the Most Talked-about Book of All Time

The Twible is an indelible book that reads like an oddly religious comedy but has the impact of a brilliant jingle that sticks in your brain to the point of madness. Read it and drive yourself pleasantly nuts. -- Frank Schaeffer, author of And God Said, Billy!

This is brilliant stuff;hilariously accurate summaries of complex material. Riess is a very funny, charmingly masterful guide. -- Debbie Blue, pastor; author of Consider the Birds: A Provocative Guide to the Birds of the Bible

This is absolutely the funniest and most fun Bible translation ever. Yet, throughout the ensuing hilarity there is a wisdom here that challenges and provokes. -- Steven L. Peck, author of A Short Stay in Hell and The Scholar of Moab},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Twible-Chapters-Bible-Characters-Humor/dp/0989774708},
	author = {Riess, J}
}
@book {164,
	title = {The Talmud and the Internet: A Journey between Worlds},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Farrar, Straus and Giroux},
	organization = {Farrar, Straus and Giroux},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The Talmud and the Internet, in which Jonathan Rosen examines the contradictions of his inheritance as a modern American and a Jew, is a moving and exhilarating meditation on modern technology and ancient religious impulses. Blending memoir, religious history and literary reflection Rosen explores the remarkable parallels between a page of Talmud and the homepage of a web site, and reflects on the contrasting lives and deaths of his American and European grandmothers.
Jonathan Rosen is the author of the novels Joy Comes in the Morning and Eve{\textquoteright}s Apple. His essays have appeared in The New York Times and The New Yorker, among other publications. He is the editorial director of Nextbook. The Talmud and the Internet, in which Jonathan Rosen examines the contradiction of his inheritance as an American and a Jew, is a moving and exhilarating mediation on modern technology and ancient religious impulses. Blending memoir, religious history, and literary reflection, Rosen explores the remarkable parallels between a page of Talmud and the home page of a website and reflects on the contrasting lives and deaths of his American and European grandmothers.
},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=zyT-WIZc0iwC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Rosen, Jonathan}
}
@mastersthesis {1248,
	title = {TV : Satan or Savior? : Protestant responses to television in the 1950s},
	volume = {The Divinity School},
	year = {1999},
	school = {University of Chicago},
	type = {Doctoral Thesis},
	keywords = {1950, communication research, Mass media, media and religion, Protestant, Television},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/title/tv-satan-or-savior-protestant-responses-to-television-in-the-1950s/oclc/43658625},
	author = {Michele Ann Rosenthal}
}
@article {287,
	title = {Tweeting Prayers and Communicating Grief over Michael Jackson Online},
	journal = { Bulletin of Science, Technology, \& Society},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {328-340},
	abstract = {Death and bereavement are human experiences that new media helps facilitate alongside creating new social grief practices that occur online. This study investigated how people{\textquoteright}s postings and tweets facilitated the communication of grief after pop music icon Michael Jackson died. Drawing upon past grief research, religion and new media studies, a thematic analysis of 1,046 messages was conducted on three mediated sites (Twitter, TMZ.com, and Facebook). Results suggested that social media served as grieving spaces for people to accept Jackson{\textquoteright}s death rather than denying it or expressing anger over his passing. The findings also illustrate how interactive exchanges online helped recycle news and {\textquotedblleft}resurrected{\textquotedblright} the life of Jackson. Additionally, as fans of deceased celebrities create and disseminate web-based memorials, new social media practices like {\textquotedblleft}Michael Mondays{\textquotedblright} synchronize tweets within everyday life rhythms and foster practices to hasten the grieving process. },
	keywords = {blogs, celebrity, internet, microblogging, popular culture, religion, social media},
	doi = {10.1177/0270467610380010},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Sanderson, James and Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@article {204,
	title = {Tweeting Prayers and Communicating Grief over Michael Jackson Online},
	journal = {Bulletin of Science Technology \& Society},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {328-340},
	abstract = {Death and bereavement are human experiences that new media helps facilitate alongside creating new social grief practices that occur online. This study investigated how people{\textquoteright}s postings and tweets facilitated the communication of grief after pop music icon Michael Jackson died. Drawing on past grief research, religion, and new media studies, a thematic analysis of 1,046 messages was conducted on three mediated sites (Twitter, TMZ.com, and Facebook). Results suggested that social media served as grieving spaces for people to accept Jackson{\textquoteright}s death rather than denying it or expressing anger over his passing. The findings also illustrate how interactive exchanges online helped recycle news and {\textquotedblleft}resurrected{\textquotedblright} the life of Jackson. Additionally, as fans of deceased celebrities create and disseminate web-based memorials, new social media practices such as {\textquotedblleft}Michael Mondays{\textquotedblright} synchronize tweets within everyday life rhythms and foster practices to hasten the grieving process.},
	keywords = {Communication, Death, Grief, Social Practices},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com/media/DIR_21201/c5be8d3f13534b9ffff86d3ffffe417.pdf},
	author = {Sanderson, Jimmy and Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@article {629,
	title = {The Technology of Religion: Mapping Religious Cyberscapes},
	journal = {The Professional Geographer },
	volume = {64},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {602-617},
	abstract = {This article combines geographical studies of both the Internet and religion in an analysis of where and how a variety of religious practices are represented in geotagged Web content. This method provides needed insight into the geography of virtual expressions of religion and highlights the mutually constitutive, and at times contradictory, relationship between the virtual and material dimensions of religious expression. By using the spatialities of religious practice and contestation as an example, this article argues that mappings of virtual representations of material practices are important tools for understanding how online activities simultaneously represent and reproduce the material world.},
	keywords = {cyberscapes, geography, internet, religion},
	doi = {10.1080/00330124.2011.614571},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00330124.2011.614571},
	author = {Shelton, Taylor},
	editor = {Zook, Matthew}
}
@article {3019,
	title = {Theory of social and economic organization},
	journal = {Oxford University Press},
	year = {1947},
	url = {https://www.britannica.com/topic/Theory-of-Social-and-Economic-Organization},
	author = {Weber, M.}
}
@article {2340,
	title = {Technology, ethics and religious language: early Anglophone Christian reactions to {\textquotedblleft}cyberspace{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Internet Histories},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {299-314},
	chapter = {299},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2018.1468976},
	author = {Webster, Peter}
}
