@inbook {1301, title = {Grassroots Religion: Facebook and Offline Post-Denominational Judaism }, booktitle = {Social Media Religion and Spirituality}, year = {2013}, publisher = { De Gruyter}, organization = { De Gruyter}, chapter = {8}, address = {Berlin}, keywords = {Facebook, Jews, Judaism, Online, self-generated, social media, social network, Youth}, url = {http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/46335/1/SMRC_Umbruch_24_7_13.pdf$\#$page=147}, author = {Nathan Abrams and Sally Baker and B. J. Brown} } @article {2177, title = {Islamophobia and Twitter: A Typology of Online Hate Against Muslims on Social Media}, journal = {Policy \& Internet }, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {133-150}, abstract = {The Woolwich attack in May 2013 has led to a spate of hate crimes committed against Muslim communities in the United Kindom. These incidents include Muslim women being targeted for wearing the headscarf and mosques being vandalized. While street level Islamophobia remains an important area of investigation, an equally disturbing picture is emerging with the rise in online anti-Muslim abuse. This article argues that online Islamophobia must be given the same level of attention as street level Islamophobia. It examines 500 tweets from 100 different Twitter users to examine how Muslims are being viewed and targeted by perpetrators of online abuse via the Twitter search engine, and offers a typology of offender characteristics.}, keywords = {Islamophobia, Muslims, Online, social media, Twitter}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1944-2866.POI364}, author = {Awan, I} } @inbook {493, title = {Interpersonal Life Online}, booktitle = {Handbook of New Media}, year = {2006}, pages = {35-54}, publisher = {Sage}, organization = {Sage}, address = {London }, abstract = {Thoroughly revised and updated, this Student Edition of the successful Handbook of New Media has been abridged to showcase the best of the hardback edition. This Handbook sets out boundaries of new media research and scholarship and provides a definitive statement of the current state-of-the-art of the field. Covering major problem areas of research, the Handbook of New Media includes an introductory essay by the editors and a concluding essay by Ron Rice. Each chapter, written by an internationally renowned scholar, provides a review of the most significant social research findings and insights.

}, keywords = {life, Online, relationships}, doi = {http://books.google.com/books?id=P9HkFWEwfFUC\&pg=PA35\&lpg=PA35\&dq=Interpersonal+Life+Online+Baym\&source=bl\&ots=RifQDaNx-L\&sig=F5ez-L-gK7kAFUYHezfmnzydiXU\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=em_eT8TKBKSI2gWQtMiFAg\&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg$\#$v=onepage\&q=Interpersonal\%20Life\%20Online\%20Baym}, url = {http://www.sagepub.com/mcquail6/PDF/062_ch04.pdf}, author = {Baym, Nancy. K.} } @book {108, title = {Give me that online religion}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Jossey-Bass Publishers}, organization = {Jossey-Bass Publishers}, address = {California}, abstract = {As the Internet and the World Wide Web overcome barriers of time and space, religion enjoys an ever-increasing accessibility on a global scale. Inevitably, people online have sought out encounters with the otherworldly, launching religion into cyberspace. In this compelling book, Brenda Brasher explores the meaning of electronic faith and the future of traditional religion. Operating online allows long-established religious communities to reach hearts and minds as never before. Yet more startling is the case by which anyone with Internet access can create new circles of faith. Bringing religion online also narrows the gap between pop culture and the sacred. Electronic shrines and kitschy personal Web "altars" idolize living celebrities, just as they honor the memory of religious martyrs. Looking ahead, Brasher envisions a world in which cyber-concepts and technologies challenge conventional notions about the human condition, while still attempting to realize age-old religious ideals such as transcendence and eternal life. As the Internet continues its rapid absorption of culture, Give Me That Online Religion offers pause for thought about spirituality in the cyberage. Religion{\textquoteright}s move to the online world does not mean technology{\textquoteright}s triumph over faith. Rather, Brasher argues, it assures religion{\textquoteright}s place in the wired universe, meeting the spiritual demands of Internet generations to come.}, keywords = {Online, religion}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=oMpwqAiWHpoC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false}, author = {Brasher, Brenda} } @inbook {218, title = {Rip.Burn.Pray: Islamic Expression Online}, booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet}, year = {2004}, pages = {123-134}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {New York}, abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression.Religion Onlineprovides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes thePew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-definingCyberspace as SacredSpace.}, keywords = {Islam, Online, Prayer}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false}, author = {Gary Bunt} } @article {457, title = {Understanding the relationship between religious practice online and offline in a networked society}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion}, volume = {80}, year = {2012}, pages = {64-93}, abstract = {This article suggests that religious practice online, rather than simply transforming religion, highlights shifts occurring within broader Western culture. The concept of {\textquotedblleft}networked religion{\textquotedblright} is introduced as a way to encapsulate how religion functions online and suggests that online religion exemplifies several key social and cultural changes at work in religion in general society. Networked religion is defined by five key traits{\textemdash}networked community, storied identities, shifting authority, convergent practice, and a multisite reality{\textemdash}that highlight central research topics and questions explored within the study of religion and the internet. Studying religion on the internet provides insights not only into the common attributes of religious practice online, but helps explain current trends within the practice of religion and even social interactions in networked society.}, keywords = {network, offline, Online, religion, society}, url = {http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/content/80/1/64.short}, author = {Heidi Campbell} } @article {573, title = {Rethinking the online-offline connection in religion online}, journal = {Information, Community \& Society }, volume = {18}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, chapter = {1083-1086}, abstract = {This special issue of Information, Communication and Society aims to present current research on the connection between online and offline religion and map out significant questions and themes concerning how this relationship takes shape among different religious traditions and contexts. By bringing together a collection of studies that explore these issues, we seek to investigate both how the Internet informs religious cultures in everyday life, and how the Internet is being shaped by offline religious traditions and communities. In order to contextualize the articles in the special issue, we offer a brief overview of how religion online has been studied over the past two decades with attention given to how the intersection of online-offline religion has been approached. This is followed by a discussion of key questions in the recent study of the relationship between online and offline religion and significant themes that emerge in contemporary research on religious uses of the Internet. These questions and themes help contextualize the unique contributions this special issue offers to the current discourse in this area, as well as how it might inform the wider field of Internet studies. We end by suggesting where future research on religion and the Internet might be headed, especially in relation to how we understand and approach the overlap between online and offline religion as a space of hybridity and social interdependence. }, keywords = {internet and religion, offline, Online, religion}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2011.597416}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2011.597416}, author = {Heidi Campbell and L{\"o}vheim, Mia} } @article {2048, title = {Studying technology \& ecclesiology in online multi-site worship}, journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religion}, volume = {29}, year = {2014}, pages = {267-285}, abstract = {This study brings together research approaches from media studies and practical theology in order to study and understand the relationship between online technological features of multi-site worship and the larger offline worshipping community to which it is connected. From the perspective of media studies we reflect on how new media technologies and cultures are allowed to shape online worship spaces and how larger institutional traditions and structures are allowed to shape technologically mediated church events. From the perspective of practical theology we use the notion of inculturation as a lens for a better understanding of the specific ways in which Christian worship practices adapt, change, and respond to the new cultural setting which emerges from the online worship context. Together, these approaches illuminate the interplay between digital technology and ecclesiological tradition in shaping multi-site church worship practices.}, keywords = {Online, technology, worship}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537903.2014.903662}, author = {Campbell, H and Delashmutt, M} } @article {1191, title = {Religion and the Internet: A microcosm for studying Internet trends and implications}, journal = {new media \& society}, volume = {15}, year = {2012}, chapter = {680}, abstract = {This article argues that paying close attention to key findings within the study of religion and the Internet, a subfield of Internet Studies, can enhance our understanding and discussion of the larger social and cultural shifts at work within networked society. Through a critical overview of research on religion online, five central research areas emerge related to social practices, online{\textendash}offline connections, community, identity, and authority online. It is also argued that observations about these themes not only point to specific trends within religious practice online, but also mirror concerns and findings within other areas of Internet Studies. Thus, studying religion on the Internet provides an important microcosm for investigating Internet Studies{\textquoteright} contribution in a wide range of contexts in our contemporary social world.}, keywords = {Authority, community, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, identity, internet, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, offline, Online, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, Ritual, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Internet Studies{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media and religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}networked society{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious practice online{\textquotedblright}}, url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/15/5/680.abstract}, author = {Heidi A Campbell} } @article {2044, title = {Accessing Changes in the Study of Religious Communities in Digital Religion Studies}, journal = {Church, Communication \& Culture}, volume = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {73-89}, abstract = {This article provides a focused review of researches undertaken within Digital religion studies in the last three decades, specifically highlighting how religious communities have been studied and approached within this area. It highlights the dominant theoretical and methodological approaches employed by scholars during what is being described as the four stages of research on religious communities emerging over this period of time. Thus, this article presents the findings of key studies emerging during these stages to illuminate how the study of religious communities online has evolved over time. It also offers insights into how this evolution specifically relates to the study of Catholic community online. Finally, a theoretical analysis is given, assessing current research on religious communities within Digital Religion studies, and approaches for future research are proposed.}, keywords = {Community online, Digital Religion, internet, offline, Online, religious communities}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301}, author = {Campbell, H and Virtullo, A} } @article {348, title = {Online Religion in Nigeria: The Internet Church and Cyber Miracles}, journal = {Journal of Asian and African Studies}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This study examines the use of the Internet and computer-mediated communication for Christian worship in Nigeria. The seven largest and fastest growing churches in Nigeria are selected for the study, highlighting the benefits and dangers associated with online worship. The utilization of the Internet to disseminate the Christian message and attract membership across the world, and the dissemination of religious tenets and fellowship online, have resulted in the emergence of the {\textquoteleft}Internet church{\textquoteright} for members who worship online in addition to belonging to a local church. Most interesting is the increasing widespread claim of spiritual experience or {\textquoteleft}miracles{\textquoteright} through digital worship. However, there is fear that online worship endangers the offline house fellowship system, which is viewed as the reproductive organ of the local offline church. Exclusive online worshippers are also said to be susceptible to deception and divided loyalty. }, keywords = {Christianity, Church, Nigeria, Online, religion}, url = {http://jas.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/01/24/0021909611430935.abstract}, author = {Innocent Chiluwa} } @article {327, title = {New Media and Religion: Observations of Research}, journal = {Communication Research Trends}, year = {2011}, keywords = {New Media, Online, religion}, url = {http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7081/is_1_30/ai_n57221190/?tag=content;col1}, author = {Cho, Kyong} } @article {510, title = {{\textquoteright}You wince in agony as the hot metal brands you{\textquoteright}: Religious behavior in an online pole-playing game}, journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religions }, volume = {25}, year = {2010}, pages = {363-377}, keywords = {Online, religion, video games}, author = {Feltmate, D.} } @inbook {222, title = {The Goddess Net. In Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet}, booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet}, year = {2004}, pages = {189-204}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {New York}, abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace.}, keywords = {Faith, internet, Online, religion}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&dq=The+Goddess+Net.+In+Religion+Online:+Finding+Faith+on+the+Internet\&source=gbs_navlinks_s}, author = {Griffin, Wendy} } @article {491, title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet}, journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet}, volume = {1}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.}, keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion}, url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/}, author = {Helland, Christopher} } @article {490, title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet}, journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet}, volume = {1}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.}, keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion}, url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/}, author = {Helland, Christopher} } @article {489, title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet}, journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet}, volume = {1}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.}, keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion}, url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/}, author = {Helland, Christopher} } @article {144, title = {Diaspora on the electronic frontier: Developing virtual connections with sacred homelands}, journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, year = {2007}, abstract = {This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself. }, keywords = {electronic frontier, Online, Sacred, virtual communities}, url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/helland.html}, author = {Helland, Christopher} } @article {487, title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet}, journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet}, volume = {1}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.}, keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion}, url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/}, author = {Helland, Christopher} } @article {492, title = {Cyberpilgrimage: The (Virtual) Reality of Online Pilgrimage Experience}, journal = {Religion Compass}, volume = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {236-246}, abstract = {Cyberpilgrimage is the practice of undertaking pilgrimage on the internet. Such pilgrimages may be performed for a host of reasons, ranging from idle curiosity to the need to ready oneself, psychologically or informationally, for a {\textquoteleft}real{\textquoteright} (terrestrial) pilgrimage. For some web-users, these experiences may amount to little more than interesting diversions, mildly intriguing ripples in a sea of information and possibility, to be paused upon and pondered briefly before surfing onward to other things. Depending on individual motivations and circumstances, however, they can be deeply charged, transformative, enlightening and profoundly fulfilling on both emotional and spiritual levels. As new as the internet is, cyberpilgrimage is newer; and it seems clear we are witnessing the birth of one of a number of largely uncharted ways by which people are beginning to experience themselves spiritually on the internet. Such experiences tend to be perceived as more self-mediated and, thus, more individualised, liberated and radical than terrestrial experiences of a similar sort (though this is not necessarily the case). This article is intended to explain what cyberpilgrimage can entail, to survey the input to-date of contemporary scholars to the study of cyberpilgrimage; and to offer insight into some of the major debates and questions it raises, in particular with regard to the authenticity of computer-based {\textquoteleft}experience{\textquoteright}. }, keywords = {Online, pilgrimage, Ritual}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00277.x/abstract}, author = {Hill-Smith, C} } @article {361, title = {Creating Church Online: A Case-Study Approach to Religious Experience}, journal = {Studies in World Christianity}, volume = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {243-260}, keywords = {Church, Experience, Online, religion}, url = {http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/edinburgh-university-press/creating-church-online-a-case-study-approach-to-religious-experience-Rjr4uCIo7a}, author = {Hutchings, T.} } @book {2030, title = {Creating Church Online }, year = {2017}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Creating Church Online constructs a rich ethnographic account of the diverse cultures of online churches, from virtual worlds to video streams. This book also outlines the history of online churchgoing, from its origins in the 1980s to the present day, and traces the major themes of academic and Christian debate around this topic. Applying some of the leading current theories in the study of religion, media and culture to this data, Tim Hutchings proposes a new model of religious design in contexts of mediatization, and draws attention to digital networks, transformative third spaces and terrains of existential vulnerability. Creating Church Online advances our understanding of the significance and impact of digital media in the religious and social lives of its users, in search of new theoretical frameworks for digital religion.}, keywords = {Church, Online}, issn = {978-0-415-53693-6}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=jCElDwAAQBAJ\&pg=PA240\&lpg=PA240\&dq=tim+hutchings+spreading+church+online\&source=bl\&ots=iGY5FUbRlM\&sig=KIk6zTYbFqQ5mnzw8cTwtlbmezk\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjV_4yHzvvaAhVG1IMKHZT9DIwQ6AEIPzAE$\#$v=onepage\&q=tim\%20hutchings\%20spre}, author = {Tim Hutchings} } @article {334, title = {Online Rituals in Virtual Worlds: Christian Online Services between Dynamix and Stability}, journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Christianity, Online, Ritual, Virtual}, url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2008/8293/pdf/nadja.pdf}, author = {Miczek, N} } @inbook {612, title = {The Cybersangha: Buddhism on the Internet}, booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet }, year = {2004}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, chapter = {10 (pg. 135-147)}, address = {New York}, abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.}, keywords = {Buddhism, Cybersangha, cyberspace, internet, Online, religion}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&pg=PA123\&lpg=PA123\&dq=The+Cyber+Sangha:+Buddhism+on+the+Internet+by+Prebish\&source=bl\&ots=ahTmLWH6rM\&sig=X9S_FlncZAcHkpdQKYBhigIdegU\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=lmVvUOnmOeGg2AXF24GYBw\&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false}, author = {Prebish, C.D.}, editor = {Dawson, L. and Cowan, D.} } @article {335, title = {Rituals-Online: Transferring and Designing Rituals}, journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religion on the Internet}, volume = {2}, year = {2006}, abstract = {{\textquotedblleft}(1) We acquire knowledge today from the Internet. (2) Searching and finding information in the Internet is an independent element of our culture {\textendash} in the future, children will learn how to count, read, write, and google at school. (3) The ability to acquire information and integrate it into our personal corpus of knowledge is more important than the knowledge itself. (4) Search engines like Google always provide a surplus of information: Users find answers to questions that they haven{\textquoteright}t even asked (yet). Google generates an entire universe of questions and in the process ultimately changes the basic operation of knowledge acquisition.{\textquotedblright}}, keywords = {Design, Online, Ritual}, url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2006/6957/pdf/Aufsatz_Radde_Antweiler.pdf}, author = {Radde-Antwiler, K.} } @inbook {2081, title = {Young Sikhs religious engagement online}, booktitle = {Digital methodologies in the sociology of religion~}, year = {2016}, pages = {83{\textendash}96}, publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing}, organization = {Bloomsbury Publishing}, address = {London, England}, abstract = {This volume considers the implementation difficulties of researching religion online and reflects on the ethical dilemmas faced by sociologists of religion when using digital research methods.}, keywords = {Online, religious, Sikhs}, issn = {9781472571182}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=O_5kCgAAQBAJ\&pg=PA83\&lpg=PA83\&dq=Young+Sikhs+religious+engagement+online\&source=bl\&ots=HRCrNq_OUx\&sig=kNvWujFL9DXVg0ikGZLYFQcCIwY\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjNzoaxldzbAhUDSa0KHc0fCokQ6AEIQDAD$\#$v=onepage\&q=Young\%20Sikhs\%20religi}, author = {Singh, J} } @inbook {899, title = {Negotiating the Liberties and Boundaries of Malaysian Online Christian Expression: Case Studies}, booktitle = {Thinking Through Malaysia: Culture and Identity in the 21st Century}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Strategic Information and Research Development Center (SIRD)}, organization = {Strategic Information and Research Development Center (SIRD)}, address = {Puchong}, abstract = {How do Malaysian Christians express their personal Christianity online? Compared to other communication technologies, the Internet allows more non-institutional individual expression to come to the fore. This is mainly due to the nature of the Internet which allows greater flexibility in authorship of expression and content. Using case studies from my interviews with Christian bloggers in Malaysia who actively post Christian content online, we can see how the Internet has provided these bloggers with new tools to express their unique personal spirituality {\textendash} but at the same time, how they recreate and maintain existing offline social boundaries in the context of their personal Christianity in this {\textquoteleft}liberating{\textquoteright} platform. These case studies also provide some insight into the many ways individuals interact with cyberspace {\textendash} that individuals do, in fact, do new things on the Internet, do old things in new ways, and very importantly, do old things in old ways.}, keywords = {Blog, boundaries, liberties, malaysia, Online, religion}, issn = {9789675832567}, author = {Meng Yoe Tan} } @inbook {1540, title = {Malaysian Christians Online: Online/Offline Networks of Everyday Religion}, booktitle = {Post-Privacy Culture: Gaining Social Power in Cyber-Democracy}, year = {2013}, pages = {177-202}, publisher = {Inter-Disciplinary Press}, organization = {Inter-Disciplinary Press}, chapter = {8}, address = {United Kingdom}, abstract = {Religion has already found its footing in cyberspace. Countless websites promoting particular religious organisations and ideals are easily found within a click or two online. Blogs are now an outlet for religious and spiritual discussion for different groups and individuals. Due to the relatively unfiltered nature of the Internet, it is more possible for new types of religious expressions to surface for public consumption, even if some of these expressions might not conform to conventional notions of spiritual expression. All of these new forms of online religion then, serve as a gateway to study different models and contexts of religious expression. A website, however, is in many ways only the expressed product. What about the dynamics behind these expressions? Because the online and the offline are inseparable entities, both simultaneously interact with and influence the individual{\textquoteright}s identity and expression. This means that in order to further develop an understanding of {\textquoteleft}online religion{\textquoteright}, the {\textquoteleft}offline{\textquoteright} must also be described extensively. Using two case studies of Malaysian Christian bloggers, this chapter demonstrates how with the use of Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) methods, it is possible to seamlessly describe everyday cyber-activity and everyday Christianity in relation to one another, thus providing a snapshot of how the larger context and framework in which Christianity in today{\textquoteright}s day and age can be better understood.}, keywords = {Actor, Christian, malaysian, network, Online, theory}, issn = {978-1-84888-154-9}, url = {https://www.interdisciplinarypress.net/online-store/digital-humanities/post-privacy-culture-gaining-social-power-in-cyber-democracy}, author = {Meng Yoe Tan} } @inbook {985, title = {Malaysian Christians Online: Online/Offline Interactions and Integration}, booktitle = {Cyberculture Now: Social and Communication Behaviour on the Web}, year = {2013}, pages = {115-125}, publisher = {Inter-Disciplinary Press}, organization = {Inter-Disciplinary Press}, chapter = {9}, address = {Oxfordshire}, abstract = {There has been a vibrant discussion in recent years since Christopher Helland{\textquoteright}s novel definitions and differentiation of online-religion/religion-online came to the fore of cyber-religious research. Much of the discussion since then has dealt primarily with certain features of particular religious websites, such as its level of user interactivity. My chapter is an attempt to side-step what a {\textquoteleft}religious{\textquoteright} website is or is not, and to locate specific Christian individuals in Malaysia and their online habits within the larger context of what they consider to be their Christian life - be it online/offline. In short, this chapter explores the ways in which online Christianity, in its varied forms, as practiced by its users, play a part in engaging an individual{\textquoteright}s faith. Drawing two case studies from my ethnographic fieldwork, this paper constructs and establishes the multiple contexts and environments that shape some Malaysian Christians{\textquoteright} online expressions of their faith, as well as how their current practice of blogging contributes back to their personal spirituality, contexts, and environments. Rather than dwelling on whether a website allows for physical or practical interactivity, this chapter explores the possibility that the Internet is yet another incorporated extension to the already diverse repertoire of Christian expression of spirituality.}, keywords = {everyday, helland, malaysia, offline, Online, religion}, issn = {978-1-84888-178-5}, author = {Meng Yoe Tan} } @article {2141, title = {Digital Religion in China: A Comparative Perspective on Buddhism and Christianity{\textquoteright}s Online Publics in Sina Weibo}, journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, pages = {44-67}, abstract = {The proliferation of social media in China has provided traditional religious authorities with multifarious digital features to revitalise and reinforce their practices and beliefs. However, under the authoritative political system different religions pick up the new media to varying degrees, thereby showing different characteristic and style in their social media use. This paper examines the public discourse about Buddhism and Christianity (two of the great official religions in China) on China{\textquoteright}s largest microblogging platform-Sina Weibo, and seeks to reveal a distinct landscape of religious online public in China. Through a close look at the social media posts aided by a text analytics software, Leximancer, this paper comparatively investigates several issues related to the Buddhism and Christianity online publics, such as religious networks, interactions between involved actors, the economics and politics of religion, and the role of religious charitable organizations. The result supports Campbell{\textquoteright}s proposition on digital religion that religious groups typically do not reject new technologies, but rather undergo a sophisticated negotiation process in accord with their communal norms and beliefs. It also reveals that in China a secular Buddhism directly contributes to a prosperous {\textquoteleft}temple economy{\textquoteright} while tension still exists between Christianity and the Chinese state due to ideological discrepancy. The paper further points out the possible direction for this nascent research field.}, keywords = {Buddhism, China, Christianity, Digital Religion, Online}, url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/21659214-90000095}, author = {Zhang, Y} }