@book {122,
	title = {Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Pluto Press},
	organization = {Pluto Press},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {The Internet is very big in the Arab world. After Al-Jazeera, it is the second most important source of dissenting opinion. Literally, millions of people in the Muslim world rely on web-sites to get their information and fatwas. A whole new life of cyber Imams and a new culture is emerging through Internet programmes and will have a profound effect on Arab consciousness. This book documents all this and examines various sites and offers the first comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Internet on Islamic culture. Zia Sardar, author of Postmodernism and the Other and Why Do People Hate America. The Internet is an increasingly important source of information for many people in the Muslim world. Many Muslims in majority and minority contexts rely on the Internet -- including websites and e-mail -- as a primary source of news, information and communication about Islam. As a result, a new media culture is emerging which is having a significant impact on areas of global Muslim consciousness. Post-September 11th, this phenomenon has grown more rapidly than ever.Gary R. Bunt provides a fascinating account of the issues at stake, identifying two radical new concepts: Firstly, the emergence of e-jihad ({\textquoteright}Electronic Jihad{\textquoteright}) originating from diverse Muslim perspectives -- this is described in its many forms relating to the different definitions of {\textquoteright}jihad{\textquoteright}, including on-line activism (ranging from promoting militaristic activities to hacking, to co-ordinating peaceful protests) and Muslim expression post 9/11. Secondly, he discusses religious authority on the Internet -- including the concept of on-line fatwas and their influence in diverse settings, and the complexities of conflicting notions of religious authority.},
	keywords = {cyber, Digital, fatwas, Islam, jihad},
	author = {Gary Bunt}
}
@article {2149,
	title = {The Call to Jihad: Charismatic Preachers and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism },
	volume = {40},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {44-61},
	abstract = {A range of psychological, social, and environmental factors render some individuals more susceptible to militant Islam than others. Research also suggests that there are certain {\textquotedblleft}triggers,{\textquotedblright} which help to explain why it is that only some individuals exposed to the same societal structural influences turn to violence. This article seeks to contribute to future empirical research in this area by studying the significance of certain {\textquotedblleft}charismatic{\textquotedblright} preachers in this process and examining the role the Internet plays in strengthening the charismatic bond. Difficulties in defining and measuring {\textquotedblleft}charisma{\textquotedblright} may help in part to explain the paucity of research on this aspect of radicalization but since charismatic authority derives from the bond between preacher and follower, an examination of the activities, strategies, and techniques used to build relationships and win adherents to Salafi-jihadism may provide valuable insights for countering radicalization.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, jihad, Preachers},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157406},
	author = {Gendron, A}
}
@article {449,
	title = {THE CONSUMER JIHAD: BOYCOTT FATWAS AND NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB},
	journal = {International Journal of Middle East Studies},
	volume = {44},
	number = {45-70},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	abstract = {This article deals with the origins, development, and popularity of boycott fatwas. Born of the marriage of Islamic politics and Islamic economics in an age of digital communications, these fatwas targeted American, Israeli, and Danish commodities between 2000 and 2006. Muftis representing both mainstream and, surprisingly, radical tendencies argued that jihad can be accomplished through nonviolent consumer boycotts. Their argument marks a significant development in the history of jihad doctrine because boycotts, construed as jihadi acts, do not belong to the commonplace categories of jihad as a {\textquotedblleft}military{\textquotedblright} or a {\textquotedblleft}spiritual{\textquotedblright} struggle. The article also demonstrates that boycott fatwas emerged, to a large degree, from below. New media, in particular interconnected computer networks, made it easier for laypersons to drive the juridical discourse. They did so before September 11 as well as, more insistently, afterward. Their consumer jihad had some economic impact on targeted multinationals, and it provoked corporate reactions.},
	keywords = {fatwa online, internet and religion, Islam, jihad},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8480777\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S0020743811001243},
	author = {Leor Halevi}
}
@article {2150,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Electronic Jihad{\textquotedblright}: The Internet as Al Qaeda{\textquoteright}s Catalyst for Global Terror},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism },
	volume = {40},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {10-23},
	abstract = {The Internet has emerged as a key technology for Al Qaeda and other jihadist movements waging their so-called electronic jihad across the Middle East and globally, with digital multiplier effects. This study will examine the evolving doctrine of {\textquotedblleft}electronic jihad{\textquotedblright} and its impact on the radicalization of Muslims in Western diaspora communities The study describes Internet-based websites that served as online libraries and repositories for jihadist literature, as platforms for extremist preachers and as forums for radical discourse. Furthermore, the study will then detail how Internet connectivity has come to play a more direct operational role for jihadi terrorist-related purposes, most notably for inciting prospective cadres to action; for recruiting jihadist operatives and fighters; for providing virtual training in tactical methods and manufacture of explosives; for terrorism financing; and for actual planning and preparations for specific terror attacks. Whereas contemporary jihadist militants may be shifting from the World Wide Web to social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter for messaging and communications, nevertheless the Internet-based electronic jihad remains a significant catalyst for promoting jihadist activism and for facilitating terrorist operations.},
	keywords = {Al Qaeda, electronic, internet, jihad},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157403},
	author = {Rudner, M}
}
