@article {2177,
	title = {Islamophobia and Twitter: A Typology of Online Hate Against Muslims on Social Media},
	journal = {Policy \& Internet },
	volume = {6},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133-150},
	abstract = {The Woolwich attack in May 2013 has led to a spate of hate crimes committed against Muslim communities in the United Kindom. These incidents include Muslim women being targeted for wearing the headscarf and mosques being vandalized. While street level Islamophobia remains an important area of investigation, an equally disturbing picture is emerging with the rise in online anti-Muslim abuse. This article argues that online Islamophobia must be given the same level of attention as street level Islamophobia. It examines 500 tweets from 100 different Twitter users to examine how Muslims are being viewed and targeted by perpetrators of online abuse via the Twitter search engine, and offers a typology of offender characteristics.},
	keywords = {Islamophobia, Muslims, Online, social media, Twitter},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1944-2866.POI364},
	author = {Awan, I}
}
@article {1926,
	title = {Cheong, P. H. (2014). Tweet the Message? Religious Authority and Social Media Innovation. Journal of Religion, Media \& Digital Culture, 3(3), 2{\textendash}19.},
	journal = {Religion, Media, and Digital Culture},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Religious believers have historically adapted Scripture into brief texts for wider
dissemination through relatively inexpensive publications. The emergence of Twitter and other microblogging tools today afford clerics a platform for real time information sharing with its interface for short written texts, which includes providing links to graphics and sound recordings that can be forwarded and responded to by others. This paper discusses emergent practices in tweet authorship which embed and are inspired by sacred Scripture, in order to deepen understanding of the changing nature of sacred texts and of the constitution of religious authority as pastors engage microblogging and social media networks. Drawing upon a Twitter feed by a prominent Christian megachurch leader with global influence, this paper identifies multiple ways in which tweets have been encoded to quote, remix and interpret Scripture, and to serve as choice aphorisms that reflect or are inspired by Scripture. Implications for the changing nature of sacred digital texts and the reconstruction of religious authority are also discussed.},
	keywords = {Bible, pastors, religious authority, Singapore, social media, Twitter},
	url = {http://jrmdc.com/papers-archive/volume-3-issue-3-december-2014/},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline Hope}
}
@article {58,
	title = {Faith Tweets: Ambient Religious Communication and Microblogging Rituals},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Culture},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2010},
	month = {May 2010},
	abstract = {The notion of ambient strikes a particularly resonant chord for religious communication: many faith traditions advocate the practice of sacred mindfulness, and a consistent piety in light of holy devotion to an omnipresent and omniscient Divine being. This paper examines how faith believers appropriate the emergent microblogging practices to create an encompassing cultural surround to include microblogging rituals which promote regular, heightened prayer awareness. Faith tweets help constitute epiphany and a persistent sense of sacred connected presence, which in turn rouses an identification of a higher moral purpose and solidarity with other local and global believers. Amidst ongoing tensions about microblogging, religious organisations and their leadership have also begun to incorporate Twitter into their communication practices and outreach, to encourage the extension of presence beyond the church walls.},
	keywords = {ambient, Blogging, Communication, religion, Twitter},
	url = {http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/223},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@book {255,
	title = {Tweet If You Heart Jesus: Practicing Church in the Digital Reformation},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Morehouse Publishing},
	organization = {Morehouse Publishing},
	abstract = {Churches everywhere are scrambling to get linked with Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. But are they ready for the Digital Reformation: the dramatic global shift in the nature of faith, social consciousness and relationship that these digital social media have ushered in? Tweet If You ♥ Jesus brings the wisdom of ancient and medieval Christianity into conversation with contemporary theories of cultural change and the realities of social media, all to help churches navigate a landscape where faith, leadership and community have taken on new meanings.},
	keywords = {Church, Jesus, reformation, Twitter},
	url = {https://www.churchpublishing.org/products/index.cfm?fuseaction=productDetail\&productID=8830},
	author = {Drescher, E}
}
@article {2826,
	title = {Emotional Politics, Islamophobic Tweet. The Hashtags $\#$Brexit and $\#$chiudiamoiporti},
	journal = {PARTECIPAZIONE E CONFLITTO},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Contemporary far-right politicians increasingly diffuse messages through social networks. This article argues that online communication may prove effective for political engagement because it can create emotional reactions against certain groups, in a process that I call "emotional antagonism." An example of emotional antagonism is online Islamophobia, which considers Islam as supposedly incompatible with democratic values and tends to conflate Muslims with migrants. Through qualitative observations and textual analyses of tweets, this article explores the following questions: How do certain online exchanges emotionally frame Muslims as the social "others" in relation to European culture? Why and how does the Internet facilitate the spread of emotional antagonism? What type of political propaganda and participation is connected to affective online Islamophobia? The article analyses two case studies: 1) Islamophobic tweets sent in the aftermath of the British referendum in 2016, with the hashtag $\#$Brexit; 2) Anti-Muslim tweets that contain the hashtag $\#$chiudiamoiporti (close the ports), launched by Italian Vice Prime Minister Matteo Salvini in 2018 to support anti-migration measures. The article shows that exploring emotional antagonism can add complexity to the current understanding of Islamophobic conflicts, of social media platforms{\textquoteright} characteristics, and of political participation based on online communication.
},
	keywords = {Brexit, Islamophobia, Matteo Salvini, migration, Twitter},
	url = {http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/paco/article/view/21281},
	author = {Evolvi, Giulia}
}
@article {2139,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}@God please open your fridge!{\textquotedblright} A content analysis of Twitter messages to @God},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {339-355},
	abstract = {	This study investigates religious communication in social media by analyzing messages sent to God on Twitter. More specifically, the goal of this research is to map and analyze the various contexts in which God is addressed on Twitter, and how the tweets may reflect religious beliefs, ritual functions, and life issues. Using content analysis techniques and phenomenography, tweets addressing God were investigated. The results of this descriptive and indicative study show that religion and religiosity are communicated on Twitter in a manner that creates a unique sphere in which praise and profanities coexist. The tweets in the sample vary a great deal in their content and communicative function, ranging from profanities to prayers and from requests to win the lottery to conversations with and comments about God. Some tweets address God as a form of humour or satire, cursing, or otherwise without any deeper religious intention, while other tweets are apparently genuine messages directed to the transcendent, prayers, with which the senders want to show and share their belief with their followers on Twitter.},
	keywords = {Apps, digitial, God, Twitter},
	url = {https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/228283},
	author = {Holmberg, K and Bastubacka, J.J.M and Thelwall, M}
}
@article {2142,
	title = {Religious Identity, Expression, and Civility in Social Media: Results of Data Mining Latter-Day Saint Twitter Accounts},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion },
	volume = {56},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {637-657},
	abstract = {This study explores religious self-identification, religious expression, and civility among projected Latter-Day Saint Twitter accounts (201,107 accounts and 1,542,229 tweets). Novel methods of data collection and analysis were utilized to test hypotheses related to religious identity and civility against social media data at a large scale. Results indicated that (1) projected LDS Twitter accounts tended to represent authentic (rather than anonymous or pseudonymous) identities; (2) local minority versus majority status did not influence users{\textquoteright} willingness to religiously self-identify; (3) isolation stigma did not occur when users religiously self-identified; (4) participants exhibited much lower degrees of incivility than was anticipated from previous studies; and (5) religious self-identification was connected to improved civility. Results should be of interest to scholars of religion for better understanding participation patterns and religious identity among Latter-Day Saints and for exploring how these results may transfer to other groups of religious people.},
	keywords = {civility, data mining, Later-Day Saint, religious identity, social media, Twitter},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jssr.12358},
	author = {Kimmons, R and McGuire, K and Stauffer, M and Jones, J.E. and Gregson, M and Austin, M}
}
