@book {131,
	title = {Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {University of North Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of North Carolina Press},
	address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
	abstract = {Crucial to understanding Islam is a recognition of the role of Muslim networks. The earliest networks were Mediterranean trade routes that quickly expanded into transregional paths for pilgrimage, scholarship, and conversion, each network complementing and reinforcing the others. This volume selects major moments and key players from the seventh century to the twenty-first that have defined Muslim networks as the building blocks for Islamic identity and social cohesion. Although neglected in scholarship, Muslim networks have been invoked in the media to portray post-9/11 terrorist groups. Here, thirteen essays provide a long view of Muslim networks, correcting both scholarly omission and political sloganeering. New faces and forces appear, raising questions never before asked. What does the fourteenth-century North African traveler Ibn Battuta have in common with the American hip hopper Mos Def? What values and practices link Muslim women meeting in Cairo, Amsterdam, and Atlanta? How has technology raised expectations about new transnational pathways that will reshape the perception of faith, politics, and gender in Islamic civilization? This book invokes the past not only to understand the present but also to reimagine the future through the prism of Muslim networks, at once the shadow and the lifeline for the umma, or global Muslim community.},
	keywords = {culture, hajj, Islam, Muslim},
	author = {Cooke, Miriam and Lawrence, Brude}
}
@article {2105,
	title = {User need and experience of Hajj mobile and ubiquitous systems: Designing for the largest religious annual gathering},
	journal = {Cogent Engineering },
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-26},
	abstract = {The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the largest annual events in the world. Each year, millions of Muslims visit the holy sites in Makkah. While Hajj mobile applications that help pilgrims perform Hajj activities efficiently are gaining popularity, little has been done to investigate pilgrims{\textquoteright} needs and their experiences of these applications. During the 2017 Hajj season, we conducted a study to investigate the needs and experiences of Hajj mobile service users. We used a questionnaire to investigate the need for 20 Hajj mobile features and found that maps (particularly offline maps) were the most needed feature. We also interviewed 16 pilgrims to investigate user experience (UX) of Hajj mobile applications. Three major themes emerged from our qualitative analysis of the perceptions reported by our participants: UX problems with the current mobile applications, the importance level of application features, and opportunities for improving the UX of applications. We relate these themes to specific implications for designing a better UX of mobile applications used for Hajj and its related domain (religion) and to applications for use in similar contexts (e.g., crowd and movement situations).},
	keywords = {crowd, hajj, HCI, mobile applications, mobility, religion, ubiquity, usability, user experience},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23311916.2018.1480303},
	author = {Majrashi, K and Borsci, S}
}
