@book {95,
	title = {Exploring Religious Community Online: We are one in the Network},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {213},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	type = {Monograph},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Exploring Religious Community Online is a first comprehensive study of the development and implications of online communities for religious groups. This book investigates religious community online by examining how Christian communities have adopted internet technologies, and looks at how these online practices pose new challenges to offline religious community and culture. },
	keywords = {Christianity, community, email, internet, religion, religious identity},
	isbn = {978-0820471051},
	issn = {978-0820471051},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=nkEHmdr-7ZUC\&pg=PA153\&lpg=PA153\&dq=exploring+religious+community+online+heidi+campbell\&source=bl\&ots=3cedZPB9S1\&sig=Aw3jXmsZmvnlHK7agc6uIzQUSoI\&hl=en\&ei=tNOZTprkGqbKsQLRwqW3BA\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=4\&sqi=2\&v},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Challenges created by online religious networks},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {81-99},
	abstract = {This article considers the challenges that online religious communities raise for religious culture. A survey of cultural changes in media, community, and religion uncovers similar structural shifts, from hierarchical structures to more open, dynamic relationship patterns in society. Examining this shift helps explain why cyber-religion and online religious communities have become emergent phenomenon. Emphasis is placed on the argument that the Internet has thrived because it has surfaced in a cultural landscape that promotes fluid yet controlled relationships over tightly bound hierarchies. Religious online communities are expressions of these changes and challenge traditional religious definitions of community. Especially problematic is the image of community as a network of relations. This article also addresses common concerns and fears of religious critics related to online communities through an analysis of current literature on these issues, along with a synthesis of research studies relating to the social use and consequences of the Internet.},
	keywords = {community, internet, religion},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15328415jmr0302_1$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {86,
	title = {Religious engagement with the internet within Israeli Orthodox groups},
	journal = {Israel Affairs},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {364-383},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of research on religion and the Internet within the Israeli context, highlighting how Orthodox Jewish groups have appropriated and responded to the Internet. By surveying Orthodox use of the Internet, and giving special attention to the ultra Orthodox negotiations, a number of key challenges that the Internet poses to the Israeli religious sector are highlighted. Exploring these debates and negotiations demonstrates that while the Internet is readily utilized by many Orthodox groups, it is still viewed by some with suspicion. Fears expressed, primarily by ultra Orthodox groups, shows religious leaders often attempt to constrain Internet use to minimize its potential threat to religious social norms and the structure of authority. This article also highlights the need for research that addresses the concerns and strategies of different Orthodox groups in order to offer a broader understanding of Orthodox engagement with the Internet in Israel.},
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism, Orthodox, religion, ultra Orthodox},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537121.2011.584664$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet amongst bounded religious communities},
	journal = {Media, Culture and Society},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {709-724},
	publisher = {Sage},
	chapter = {709},
	abstract = {This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups{\textquoteright} creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three critical areas of negotiation are explored: (1) social control; (2) sources of authority; and (3) community boundaries. Examining these tensions illuminates a detailed process of self-evaluation which leads religious stakeholders and internet entrepreneurs to form these digital enclaves in order to negotiate the core beliefs and constraints of their offline communities online. These offer spaces of safety for members within the risk-laden tracts of the internet. Examining the tensions accompanying the emergence of these religious websites elucidates community affordances as well as the challenges to the authority that integration of new media poses to closed groups and societies. },
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism},
	url = {http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/33/5/709.abstract},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Oren Golan}
}
@article {44,
	title = {The Question of Christian Community Online: The Case of the Artist World Network},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {261-267},
	publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
	address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
	abstract = {The past decade has seen a steady growth of technologies and practices that can be described as religion online. In many respects Christian groups and users have led the way in using the web for spiritual practices. From church websites becoming a common form of congregational advertising and communication to the rise of cyber churches and online prayer meetings, numerous forms of Christian practice have been transposed online. The Christian community has also been at the forefront of debates over the potential impact of {\textquoteleft}doing religion{\textquoteright} online. Concerns voiced by theologians, pastors and Christian scholars have included the potential that technology might become a substitute for God, the Internet could draw people away for organised religion towards individualised spiritualities, and that the Internet might reshape notions of traditional ritual and community. In light of these questions a new area of research has developed which involves exploring how Christian religious practice is being transformed in the age of Internet technology. Within such studies, the question of Christian or religious community online continues to surface as a central area of concern. As more and more Christian Internet users become involved in various chat, email and blogging groups, they are increasingly seeing and referring to these online social networks as religious communities. For many believers their Christian community involves both online and offline friendships and affiliations, a concept still problematic and contentious to many religious leaders. Thus, the purpose of this article is to investigate what constitutes a Christian community online and the possibilities and challenges that exist when Christians who gather for religious purpose online begin to conceive of their group as a Christian community. This is done by exploring a particular Christian online bulletin board, the {\textquoteleft}Artist World Network{\textquoteright}, in order to understand how this group sees itself and functions as community. This investigation provides a way to address the question of what constitutes an online Christian community. It also opens up discussion on the possibilities and challenges online religious communities pose for offline Christian community.},
	keywords = {Christianity, community, internet, religion online},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.261?journalCode=swc},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Patricia Caulderon}
}
