@inbook {2053,
	title = {Studying Jewish Engagement with Digital Media and Culture},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Technology},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-15},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The study of new media, religion and digital culture has been in existence for almost two decades. During this time scholars have explored a wide range of religious group{\textquoteright}s engagement with the internet, yet it is clear that some religious traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, have received much more attention than others. As Campbell and Lovheim (2011) noted in their assessment of the study of religion and the internet, there is still a need for a more nuanced understanding of the negotiation of the internet as a medium for religious practice within some religious groups. Also more careful consideration is called for regarding what some scholars have described as {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}the relationship between the online-offline religious contexts-within some religious traditions. This chapter argues that the study of Jewish groups and the internet has arguably been an understudied area in need of more significant attention and critical examination.},
	keywords = {culture, digital media, Judaism},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-5},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {2063,
	title = {Digital Judaism: Jewish negotiations with digital media and culture},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In this volume, contributors consider the ways that Jewish communities and users of new media negotiate their uses of digital technologies in light of issues related to religious identity, community and authority. Digital Judaism presents a broad analysis of how and why various Jewish groups negotiate with digital culture in particular ways, situating such observations within a wider discourse of how Jewish groups throughout history have utilized communication technologies to maintain their Jewish identities across time and space. Chapters address issues related to the negotiation of authority between online users and offline religious leaders and institutions not only within ultra-Orthodox communities, but also within the broader Jewish religious culture, taking into account how Jewish engagement with media in Israel and the diaspora raises a number of important issues related to Jewish community and identity. Featuring recent scholarship by leading and emerging scholars of Judaism and media, Digital Judaism is an invaluable resource for researchers in new media, religion and digital culture.},
	keywords = {culture, digital judaism, digital media, Digital Religion, Jewish religion},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=IKYGCAAAQBAJ\&printsec=frontcover\&dq=978-0415736244\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwj88ouMqMTbAhXjt1kKHf-7CykQ6AEILjAB$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {131,
	title = {Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {University of North Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of North Carolina Press},
	address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
	abstract = {Crucial to understanding Islam is a recognition of the role of Muslim networks. The earliest networks were Mediterranean trade routes that quickly expanded into transregional paths for pilgrimage, scholarship, and conversion, each network complementing and reinforcing the others. This volume selects major moments and key players from the seventh century to the twenty-first that have defined Muslim networks as the building blocks for Islamic identity and social cohesion. Although neglected in scholarship, Muslim networks have been invoked in the media to portray post-9/11 terrorist groups. Here, thirteen essays provide a long view of Muslim networks, correcting both scholarly omission and political sloganeering. New faces and forces appear, raising questions never before asked. What does the fourteenth-century North African traveler Ibn Battuta have in common with the American hip hopper Mos Def? What values and practices link Muslim women meeting in Cairo, Amsterdam, and Atlanta? How has technology raised expectations about new transnational pathways that will reshape the perception of faith, politics, and gender in Islamic civilization? This book invokes the past not only to understand the present but also to reimagine the future through the prism of Muslim networks, at once the shadow and the lifeline for the umma, or global Muslim community.},
	keywords = {culture, hajj, Islam, Muslim},
	author = {Cooke, Miriam and Lawrence, Brude}
}
@book {428,
	title = {Japanese Cybercultures},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London \& New York},
	abstract = {Japan is rightly regarded as one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, yet the development and deployment of Internet technology in Japan has taken a different trajectory compared with Western nations. This is the first book to look at the specific dynamics of Japanese Internet use. It examines the crucial questions: 
* how the Japanese are using the Internet: from the prevalence of access via portable devices, to the fashion culture of mobile phones
* how Japan{\textquoteright}s "cute culture" has colonized cyberspace
* the role of the Internet in different musical subcultures
* how different men{\textquoteright}s and women{\textquoteright}s groups have embraced technology to highlight problems of harassment and bullying
* the social, cultural and political impacts of the Internet on Japanese society
* how marginalized groups in Japanese society - gay men, those living with AIDS, members of new religious groups and Japan{\textquoteright}s hereditary sub-caste, the Burakumin - are challenging the mainstream by using the Internet. 
Examined from a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives, using a broad range of case-studies, this is an exciting and genuinely cutting-edge book which breaks new ground in Japanese studies and will be of value to anyone interested in Japanese culture, the Internet and cyberculture.},
	keywords = {culture, cyber, internet, Japan},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Japanese_cybercultures.html?id=2McTNWGncZ0C},
	author = {Nanette Gottlieb and Mark McLelland}
}
@inbook {275,
	title = {Canadian Religious Diversity Online: A Network of Possibilities},
	booktitle = {Religion and Diversity in Canada},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {127-148},
	publisher = {Brill Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Brill Academic Publishers},
	address = {Boston},
	abstract = {Canada officially prides itself on being a multicultural nation, welcoming people from all around the world, and enshrining that status in its Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as in an array of laws and policies that aim to protect citizens from discrimination on various grounds, including race, cultural origin, sexual orientation, and religion. This volume explores the intersection of these diversities, foregrounding religion as the primary focus of analysis. Taking as their point of departure the contested meaning and implications of the term diversity, the various contributions address issues such as the power relations that diversity implies, the cultural context that limits the understanding and practical acceptance of religious diversity, and how Canada compares in these matters to other countries. Taken together the essays therefore elucidate the Canadian case while also having relevance for understanding this critical issue globally.},
	keywords = {Canada, culture, diversity, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=79bUL99FnVUC\&pg=PA127\&lpg=PA127\&dq=Canadian+Religious+Diversity+Online:+Network+of+Possibilities\&source=bl\&ots=rOhSBr_4tC\&sig=dkyQ6cs6cNZaqRdO4XYGpfWek9g\&hl=en\&ei=BxfoTrObO-jHsQKAleiCCQ\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@inbook {598,
	title = {Religious Meaning in the Digital Age: Field Research on Internet/Web Religion.},
	booktitle = {Belief in Media: Cultural Perspective on Media and Christianity},
	publisher = {Ashgate},
	organization = {Ashgate},
	chapter = {10 (pg 121-136) },
	address = {Aldershot, UK},
	keywords = {Christianity, culture, field research, media, religious, Religious Media},
	issn = {0754638308},
	author = {Hoover, S. and Park, J.K.},
	editor = {Horsfield}
}
@article {2134,
	title = {Creative and Lucrative Daʿwa: The Visual Culture of Instagram amongst Female Muslim Youth in Indonesia},
	journal = {Asiascape: Digital Asia},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {68-99},
	abstract = {Social media have become part of the private and public lifestyles of youth globally. Drawing on both online and offline research in Indonesia, this article focuses on the use of Instagram by Indonesian Muslim youth. It analyzes how religious messages uploaded on Instagram through posts and captions have a significant effect on the way in which Indonesian Muslim youth understand their religion and accentuate their (pious) identities and life goals. This article argues that Instagram has recently become the ultimate platform for Indonesian female Muslim youth to educate each other in becoming virtuous Muslims. The creativity and zeal of the creators of Instagram daʿwa (proselytization), and their firm belief that {\textquoteleft}a picture is worth a thousand words{\textquoteright}, has positioned them as social media influencers, which in turn has enabled them to conduct both soft daʿwa and lucrative daʿwa through business.},
	keywords = {culture, Da{\textquoteright}wa, fashion, Indonesia, Instagram, Muslim youth, veiling},
	url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22142312-12340085},
	author = {Nisa, E.F}
}
@article {1311,
	title = {The Essentiality of {\textquotedblleft}Culture{\textquotedblright} in the Study of Religion and Politics},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {639},
	abstract = {This article reviews various theoretical approaches political scientists employ in the analysis of religion and politics and posits culture as a conceptual bridge between competing approaches. After coming to the study of religion slowly in comparison with other social science disciplines, political science finally has a theoretically diverse and thriving religion and politics subfield. However, political scientists{\textquoteright} contributions to the social scientific study of religion are hampered by a lack of agreement about whether endogenous or exogenous theoretical approaches ought to dominate our scholarship. I assert that the concept of culture{\textemdash}and more specifically, subculture{\textemdash}might help create more connections across theoretical research traditions. I emphasize how the concept of religion-based subculture is inherent in psychological, social psychological, social movement, and contextual approaches to religion and politics scholarship, and I explore these theoretical connections using the example of religion-based {\textquotedblleft}us versus them{\textquotedblright} discourses in contemporary American politics.},
	keywords = {analysis, culture, Politics, religion, Research, Sociology of religion, study of religion, theoretical approaches},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01608.x/abstract},
	author = {Laura R. Olson}
}
@book {658,
	title = {The Virtual Community},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {Harper Perennial},
	organization = {Harper Perennial},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {"When you think of a title for a book, you are forced to think of something short and evocative, like, well, {\textquoteright}The Virtual Community,{\textquoteright} even though a more accurate title might be: {\textquoteright}People who use computers to communicate, form friendships that sometimes form the basis of communities, but you have to be careful to not mistake the tool for the task and think that just writing words on a screen is the same thing as real community.{\textquoteright}" - HLR },
	keywords = {community, Computer, culture, internet, media, Virtual},
	issn = {0262681218},
	url = {http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/intro.html},
	author = {Rheingold, H.}
}
