@article {2548,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}An Animated Adoration: The Folk Art of Japanese Gamers{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {Akademisk Kvarter/Academic Quarter},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	pages = {15},
	chapter = {118},
	keywords = {anime, anime pilgrimage, fan, pilgrimage, religion and internet},
	url = {https://japanfolklore.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/8_dalekandrews_ananimatedadoration-2015.pdf},
	author = {Dale K. Andrews}
}
@book {572,
	title = {Analyzing Media Texts},
	series = {Continuum Research Methods Series},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Continuum},
	organization = {Continuum},
	address = {London },
	abstract = {Andrew Burn and David Parker outline how multi-modality theory can be used to analyze texts which employ multiple semiotic modes and media, in such a way that a balanced consideration is given to the characteristics of each mode, how they integrate, and how they distribute textual functions between them. The methods are rooted in a view of significance as dependent on social context, and fulfilling the social and communicative interests of both producers of textual production and use contingent upon digital formats will also be a determining content of the analytical method.},
	keywords = {data, media, multimodality, Social, theory},
	issn = {082646470X},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Oqn8TTphM5IC\&pg=PA62\&lpg=PA62\&dq=Burn,+A.+\%26+Parker,+D.+\%282003\%29.+Analyzing+Media+Texts\&source=bl\&ots=tEOW5buDSD\&sig=WAAVjudlOWBv6nIT89oE3mxCg5U\&hl=en$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Burns, Andrew and Parker, David}
}
@article {1008,
	title = {Al Jazeera{\textquoteright}s Framing of Social Media During the Arab Spring. },
	journal = {CyberOrient},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This study investigates how Al Jazeera framed social media in relation to the revolutions and protests of the {\textquotedblleft}Arab Spring{\textquotedblright} within its broadcast media coverage. A content analysis of Arabic language broadcasts appearing from January 25th through February 18th 2011, covering the protests in Tahrir Square, was conducted using the Broadcast Monitoring System (BMS) and Arab Spring Archive. Through this analysis we see a number of common narratives being used by Al Jazeera to frame social media and make claims about the influence they had on the protests and related social movements. By noting the frequency of social communications technologies referenced, ways in which these technologies were characterized and interpreting supporting themes with which they were identified helps illuminate the assumptions promoted by Al Jazeera regarding the role and impact of social communications technology on these events.},
	keywords = {activism, Arab Spring, democracy, Egypt, information and communication technology, internet, public sphere, satellite TV, social media},
	url = {http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=7758},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Diana Hawk}
}
@article {2044,
	title = {Accessing Changes in the Study of Religious Communities in Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {Church, Communication \& Culture},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {73-89},
	abstract = {This article provides a focused review of researches undertaken within Digital religion studies in the last three decades, specifically highlighting how religious communities have been studied and approached within this area. It highlights the dominant theoretical and methodological approaches employed by scholars during what is being described as the four stages of research on religious communities emerging over this period of time. Thus, this article presents the findings of key studies emerging during these stages to illuminate how the study of religious communities online has evolved over time. It also offers insights into how this evolution specifically relates to the study of Catholic community online. Finally, a theoretical analysis is given, assessing current research on religious communities within Digital Religion studies, and approaches for future research are proposed.},
	keywords = {Community online, Digital Religion, internet, offline, Online, religious communities},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301},
	author = {Campbell, H and Virtullo, A}
}
@inbook {674,
	title = {Authority},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book:

    provides a detailed review of major topics
    includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations
    considers the theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised.

Drawing together the work of experts from key disciplinary perspectives, Digital Religion is invaluable for students wanting to develop a deeper understanding of the field.},
	keywords = {Apps, Authority, Digital, media, religion, technology},
	issn = {9780415676106 },
	author = {Cheong, P},
	editor = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@mastersthesis {41,
	title = {At the Frontlines of God{\textquoteright}s Army: BattleCry as a Microcosm of Modern Evangelical Culture},
	volume = {BA},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April 2008},
	school = {Wesleyan University},
	address = {Middletown, Connecticut},
	abstract = {In this thesis, I will argue that BattleCry offers an accurate glimpse at major trends within evangelical culture at the beginning of the 21st century. BattleCry offers its members literature, rock concerts, and a full social networking website, not to mention mission trips and its own clothing line. Owing to this emphasis on varied multimedia experiences of Christianity, BattleCry sheds light on multiple aspects of modern-day evangelical life. BattleCry and its mini-empire encompass many of the new frontiers of evangelism {\textendash} through the use of the Internet and Christian rock and pop music, BattleCry is extremely accessible to and effective with today{\textquoteright}s Christian youth. Theirs is not simply a particularly successful marketing strategy, however; because of its depth as an organization, BattleCry serves as a microcosm of current evangelical culture, reflecting the priorities, strategies, and rhetoric of many of their compatriots.},
	keywords = {army, evangelism, God},
	url = {http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1161\&context=etd_hon_theses},
	author = {Lilly Matson Dagdigian}
}
@book {296,
	title = {Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Apocalyptic AI, the hope that we might one day upload our minds into machines or cyberspace and live forever, is a surprisingly wide-spread and influential idea, affecting everything from the world view of online gamers to government research funding and philosophical thought. In Apocalyptic AI, Robert Geraci offers the first serious account of this "cyber-theology" and the people who promote it.

Drawing on interviews with roboticists and AI researchers and with devotees of the online game Second Life, among others, Geraci illuminates the ideas of such advocates of Apocalyptic AI as Hans Moravec and Ray Kurzweil. He reveals that the rhetoric of Apocalyptic AI is strikingly similar to that of the apocalyptic traditions of Judaism and Christianity. In both systems, the believer is trapped in a dualistic universe and expects a resolution in which he or she will be translated to a transcendent new world and live forever in a glorified new body. Equally important, Geraci shows how this worldview shapes our culture. For instance, Apocalyptic AI has influenced funding agencies such as the National Science Foundation, helping to prioritize robotics and AI research. It has become the ideology of choice for online gamers, such as those involved in Second Life; it has had a profound impact on the study of the mind; and it has inspired scientists and theologians alike to wonder about the super robots of the future. Should we think of robots as persons? What kind of morality would intelligent robots espouse?

Apocalyptic AI has become a powerful force in modern culture. This volume shines a light on this belief system, revealing what it is and how it is changing society.},
	keywords = {Apocalypticism, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Second Life, Singularity, virtual worlds},
	isbn = {978-0195393026},
	issn = {0195393023},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0195393023/ref=pe_11480_13340760_emwa_email_title_1},
	author = {Robert M Geraci}
}
@article {2930,
	title = {Authority, power, influence and social control: A theoretical synthesis. Academy of Management Review},
	journal = {Academy of Management Review},
	year = {1978},
	abstract = {Authority and power are usually not conceptually distinct, but for clarification, they are considered extremes on a control continuum. Power is conceptualized as influence and social control, the former reducing and latter reinforcing authority. These constructs permit reexamination of authority and leadership.},
	url = {https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amr.1978.4289263},
	author = {Grimes, A.J.}
}
@inbook {186,
	title = {The Anthropology of Religious Meaning Making in The Digital Age},
	booktitle = {Media Anthropology},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {257-259},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {Thousand Oaks, CA.},
	abstract = {Media Anthropology represents a convergence of issues and interests on anthropological approaches to the study of media. The purpose of this reader is to promote the identity of the field of study; identify its major concepts, methods, and bibliography; comment on the state of the art; and provide examples of current research. Based on original articles by leading scholars from several countries and academic disciplines, Media Anthropology provides essays introducing the issues, reviewing the field, forging new conceptual syntheses.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=l5eZhM8W7SUC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart and Park, Jin}
}
@article {1224,
	title = {Authority in the Virtual Sangat : Sikhism, Ritual and Identity in the Twenty-First Century},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {24},
	abstract = {In her paper Authority in the Virtual Sangat. Sikhism, Ritual and Identity in the Twenty-First Century, Doris Jakobsh analyses the change of authority based on her research on Sikhs on the Internet. She stresses the Web as a {\textquoteleft}third place{\textquoteright} of communication among the Sikhs as well as the phenomenon of new authorities online. However, this does not imply the replacement of the traditional seats of authority, the Akal Takht, SGPC, or gurdwara managements, but one can recognize a significant shift away from these traditional sites of authority toward the {\textquoteleft}new authorities{\textquoteright}, the intermediaries of cyberspace. Her analysis shows that this aspect of the Sikh experience brings with it the most profound challenges and, most importantly, a need to bridge the post-modern individual, i.e. {\textquoteleft}Sikh tradition{\textquoteright} intertwined and legitimated by the metanarrative, and the proliferation of new authorities who have become intermediaries of Sikhism online by virtue of their expertise within the digital domain.},
	keywords = {Akal Takht, Authority, Digital Religion, identity, online communication, Ritual, Sangat, Sikhism, Sociology of religion, third place},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/374},
	author = {Jakobsh, Doris R}
}
@inbook {340,
	title = {Alternative Worlds: Metaphysical Questing and Virtual Community amongst the Otherkin},
	booktitle = {{\textellipsis} Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on the Sacred. Collected Essays. With an Introduction by Victoria Barker},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {275-287},
	keywords = {alternative religion online, Otherkin},
	url = {http://escholarship.library.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/SSR/article/view/259/238},
	author = {Kirby, Danielle and Di Lauro, Frances}
}
@article {2833,
	title = {$\#$AmplifyWomen: the emergence of an evangelical feminist public on social media},
	journal = {Feminist Media Studies},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This study conceptualizes the Twitter response to a Christianity Today article that challenged the role of female Christian bloggers as authoritative figures and centered around the hashtag $\#$AmplifyWomen, as an {\textquotedblleft}affective public{\textquotedblright}. It employs the method of {\textquotedblleft}hashtag ethnography{\textquotedblright} to investigate it. The article argues that this public points to the beginnings of a connective feminist movement in evangelicalism brought about by the affordances of digital media and makes two moves in service to this assertion. First, it explains that it is through a reliance on the tropes of postfeminism that Christian celebrity bloggers have achieved the level of charismatic authority that they have. And second it tracks how the affective public that emerged to defend them mobilized a tactical rhetoric to resist the dominant patriarchal structures of the traditionally conservative culture of white evangelicalism.
},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14680777.2020.1711794?journalCode=rfms20},
	author = {Laughlin, Corrina}
}
@inbook {151,
	title = {Allah On-Line: The Practice of Global Islam in the Information Age},
	booktitle = {Practicing Religion in the age of Media},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {237-253},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Increasingly, the religious practices people engage in and the ways they talk about what is meaningful or sacred take place in the context of media culture{\textemdash}in the realm of the so-called secular. Focusing on this intersection of the sacred and the secular, this volume gathers together the work of media experts, religious historians, sociologists of religion, and authorities on American studies and art history. Topics range from Islam on the Internet to the quasi-religious practices of Elvis fans, from the uses of popular culture by the Salvation Army in its early years to the uses of interactive media technologies at the Simon Wiesenthal Center{\textquoteright}s Beit Hashoah Museum of Tolerance. The issues that the essays address include the public/private divide, the distinctions between the sacred and profane, and how to distinguish between the practices that may be termed "religious" and those that may not.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=YRq32w6JIBUC\&dq=Allah+On-Line:+The+Practice+of+Global+Islam+in+the+Information+Age\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Lawrence, Bruce. F}
}
@book {2971,
	title = {Authority: Construction and corrosion},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	abstract = {What is authority? How is it constituted? How ought one understand the subtle (and sometimes not-so-subtle) relations between authority and coercion? Between authorized and subversive speech? In this fascinating and intricate analysis, Bruce Lincoln argues that authority is not an entity but an effect. More precisely, it is an effect that depends for its power on the combination of the right speaker, the right speech, the right staging and props, the right time and place, and an audience historically and culturally conditioned to judge what is right in all these instances and to respond with trust, respect, and even reverence.

Employing a vast array of examples drawn from classical antiquity, Scandinavian law, Cold War scholarship, and American presidential politics, Lincoln offers a telling analysis of the performance of authority, and subversions of it, from ancient times to the present. Using a small set of case studies that highlight critical moments in the construction of authority, he goes on to offer a general examination of "corrosive" discourses such as gossip, rumor, and curses; the problematic situation of women, who often are barred from the authorizing sphere; the role of religion in the construction of authority; the question of whether authority in the modern and postmodern world differs from its premodern counterpart; and a critique of Hannah Arendt{\textquoteright}s claims that authority has disappeared from political life in the modern world. He does not find a diminution of authority or a fundamental change in the conditions that produce it. Rather, Lincoln finds modern authority splintered, expanded, and, in fact, multiplied as the mechanisms for its construction become more complex{\textemdash}and more expensive.},
	url = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo3643337.html},
	author = {Lincoln, B.}
}
@article {2975,
	title = {Algorithmic authority: The ethics, politics, and economics of algorithms that interpret, decide, and manage},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {CHI 2016 is the premier world-wide conference for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and this year took place in the heart of Silicon Valley, San Jose, California. The Proceedings and Extended Abstracts represent today{\textquoteright}s most innovative, novel and creative work in HCI. These Proceedings and Abstracts have added over one-thousand documents in the ACM Digital Library. Across all tracks, CHI received nearly 5000 submissions and accepted over 1000 that can be seen today. These include almost 600 rigorously reviewed papers and notes selected from over 2200 submissions. These Proceedings and Abstracts also document two days of workshops, symposia and meetings involving over 800 participants, a record number for CHI conferences.

The CHI 2016 conference includes two days of focused workshops and four days of technical content, including CHI{\textquoteright}s prestigious technical program, with 16 parallel sessions of rigorously reviewed research Papers, engaging Panels, Case Studies and Special Interest Groups (SIGs), Conference highlights also include student research, design, and game competitions, and last-minute SIGs for discussing current topics. The popular alt.chi forum enters its eleventh year of provocation within the HCI community. The conference also showcases Interactivity and Interactivity Research Demos, which are hands-on demonstrations of the best in technology and innovation. And we{\textquoteright}re particularly proud this year to include documents from our new Art Exhibition, held at the Works/San Jose Gallery in conjunction with the CHI conference.

We began our conference planning process with three core ideas: "CHI in Silicon Valley": emphasizing local engagement in this vibrant community, "$\#$chiforgood": HCI in the community, both during the workshop time and at appropriate points during the conference, and a "More Humane Conference and Planning Process": lots of transparency, early planning, no surprises, data-driven decisions and taking into account the importance of families, work/life balance, and the like.

From this, the overall theme of the conference emerged, $\#$chi4good: addressing issues of social good through the innovation and creativity of the CHI community. To this end we held a Day of Service on the Saturday before the conference with hundreds of CHI attendees working on projects for non-profit and area arts organizations, and we have continued that theme throughout the conference by hosting the Diversity and Inclusion Lunch, brought childcare back to the conference for the first time in many years, and introduced the lunch@chi program to facilitate small group lunches on the first day of the conference. We{\textquoteright}ve introduced CHI{\textquoteright}s first Diversity \& Inclusion Statement, and our keynote speakers, represent the vibrancy, diversity and excitement of the wide field of HCI with particular emphasis on $\#$chi4good. This year{\textquoteright}s speakers were chosen from among crowd-sourced suggestions from the CHI community and they are: Dayo Olopade, (Journalist and author of The Bright Continent); Kimberly Bryant (Founder, Black Girls Code), in conversation with Sarah Guthals, (Co-Founder of ThoughtSTEM); Marissa Meyer (President \& CEO of Yahoo), in conversation with Terry Winograd (Professor Emeritus, Stanford University); Vishal Sikka (CEO of Infosys), in conversation with computing pioneer Alan Kay (Viewpoints Research Institute); and Salman Khan (founder, Khan Academy).

With careful consultation from the community, we have enhanced the CHI conference experience from submission and review processes, to more participation possibilities at the conference. Peer-reviewed papers have more space for references and will receive a wider range of better-matched reviews. There are more curated venues and more input into the selection of keynote speakers.},
	doi = {doi:10.1145/2851581.2886426},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/2851581},
	author = {Lustig, C. and Pine, K. and Nardi, B. and Irani, L. and Lee, M. K. and Nafus, D. and Sandvig, C.}
}
@article {2974,
	title = {Algorithmic authority: The case of bitcoin},
	year = {2015},
	url = {https://artifex.org/~bonnie/lustig_nardi_HICSS_2015.pdf},
	author = {Lustig, K. and Nardi, B.}
}
@book {2689,
	title = {Aesthetic Formations: Media, Religion, and the Senses},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	abstract = {This book examines the incorporation of newly accessible mass media into practices of religious mediation in a variety of settings including the Pentecostal Church and Islamic movements, as well as the use of religious forms and image in the sphere of radio and cinema.},
	url = {https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780230605558},
	author = {Meyer, Birgit}
}
@inbook {365,
	title = {Aspects of Christian Exegesis: Hermeneutics, the Theological Virtues, and Technology},
	booktitle = {Theology and Technology: Essays in Christian Analysis and Exegesis},
	year = {1984},
	publisher = {University Press of America},
	organization = {University Press of America},
	address = {Lanham},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Theology_and_technology.html?id=TNkPAQAAIAAJ},
	author = {Mitcham, C.. and Grote, J}
}
@article {339,
	title = {Alternative spiritualities, new religious movements and Jediism in Australia},
	journal = {Australian Religion Studies Review},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {69-86},
	abstract = {Perhaps the first academic article to discuss the hyper-real/fiction-based religion Jediism which is based on the Star Wars movies and primarily organised online.},
	keywords = {alternative religion online, hyper-real religion, Jediism},
	author = {Adam Possamai}
}
@article {2668,
	title = {Authority and liquid religion in cyber-space: the new territories of religious communication},
	journal = {International Social Science Journal},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This article considers three case studies of forms of authority within new cyber-territories. We first deal with the example of a traditional religion, Islam, by exploring new social issues that this religious system encounters in cyber-space. Second, we turn to a social movement that is by definition less traditional and less established, namely neo-paganism; and finally, we examine the new phenomenon of hyper-real religion (Possamai 2005b, 2012) to discover whether, even in free-floating religions where in principle everything is permitted and where the individual has full autonomy to decide on the specific constructions of his/her religion, forms of authority and social/religious distinctions are paradoxically present.},
	url = {https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8qz98/authority-and-liquid-religion-in-cyber-space-the-new-territories-of-religious-communication},
	author = {Possamai, Adam and Turner, Bryan S.}
}
@article {2734,
	title = {Algorithmic Absolution: The Case of Catholic Confessional Apps},
	journal = {Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {This article explores the Catholic ritual of confession as practiced through the use of mobile apps. Confession is a surprisingly persistent social form and in this article I begin by contextualising the relationship between society, confession and technology before presenting a case study of Catholic confessional apps that covers their design, marketing, and user feedback from review forums. This throws up a series of important questions about how we understand religious authenticity and authority in practices of faith that have a computational agent taking moral deviations as {\textquoteleft}data input{\textquoteright}. How should we conceptualise these applications when an algorithm imparts absolution, when penance is assigned by computational code? Observing that most people do not question the automation of the confessional ritual and that users feel their use of confessional apps as entirely legitimate forms of religious practice, I argue that questions of authenticity are secondary to those of authority. In the traditional Sacrament of Penance a priest, acting in persona Christi as the minister of Christ{\textquoteright}s mercy and drawing upon canonical law, recites the Rites of Penance, thereby performing the transition from the state of {\textquoteleft}penitent{\textquoteright} to {\textquoteleft}absolved{\textquoteright}. The replacement of a priest with the silent logics of algorithmic automation has profound implications for the authoritative power of confession as a transformative ritual.},
	url = {https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/23634},
	author = {Scott, Sasha A. Q.}
}
@article {3009,
	title = {Algorithmic culture},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Over the last 30 years or so, human beings have been delegating the work of culture {\textendash} the sorting, classifying and hierarchizing of people, places, objects and ideas {\textendash} increasingly to computational processes. Such a shift significantly alters how the category culture has long been practiced, experienced and understood, giving rise to what, following Alexander Galloway, I am calling {\textquoteleft}algorithmic culture{\textquoteright}. The purpose of this essay is to trace some of the conceptual conditions out of which algorithmic culture has emerged and, in doing so, to offer a preliminary treatment on what it is. In the vein of Raymond Williams{\textquoteright} Keywords, I single out three terms whose bearing on the meaning of the word culture seems to have been unusually strong during the period in question: information, crowd and algorithm. My claim is that the offloading of cultural work onto computers, databases and other types of digital technologies has prompted a reshuffling of some of the words most closely associated with culture, giving rise to new senses of the term that may be experientially available but have yet to be well named, documented or recorded. This essay, though largely historical, concludes by connecting the dots critically to the present day. What is at stake in algorithmic culture is the gradual abandonment of culture{\textquoteright}s publicness and the emergence of a strange new breed of elite culture purporting to be its opposite.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1367549415577392},
	author = {Shifas, T.}
}
@article {3010,
	title = {Algorithmic culture},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Over the last 30 years or so, human beings have been delegating the work of culture {\textendash} the sorting, classifying and hierarchizing of people, places, objects and ideas {\textendash} increasingly to computational processes. Such a shift significantly alters how the category culture has long been practiced, experienced and understood, giving rise to what, following Alexander Galloway, I am calling {\textquoteleft}algorithmic culture{\textquoteright}. The purpose of this essay is to trace some of the conceptual conditions out of which algorithmic culture has emerged and, in doing so, to offer a preliminary treatment on what it is. In the vein of Raymond Williams{\textquoteright} Keywords, I single out three terms whose bearing on the meaning of the word culture seems to have been unusually strong during the period in question: information, crowd and algorithm. My claim is that the offloading of cultural work onto computers, databases and other types of digital technologies has prompted a reshuffling of some of the words most closely associated with culture, giving rise to new senses of the term that may be experientially available but have yet to be well named, documented or recorded. This essay, though largely historical, concludes by connecting the dots critically to the present day. What is at stake in algorithmic culture is the gradual abandonment of culture{\textquoteright}s publicness and the emergence of a strange new breed of elite culture purporting to be its opposite.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1367549415577392},
	author = {Shifas, T.}
}
@article {459,
	title = {Atheisms Unbound: The Role Of The New Media In The Formation Of A Secularist Identity},
	journal = {Secularism and Non-Religion},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {In this article we examine the Internet{\textquoteright}s role in facilitating a more visible and active secular identity. Seeking to situate this more visible and active secularist presence{\textemdash}which we consider a form of activism in terms of promoting the importance of secularist concerns and issues in public discourse{\textemdash}we conclude by looking briefly at the relationship between secularist cyber-activism and secular organizations, on one hand, and the relationship between secularist activism and American politics on the other. This allows us to further underscore the importance of the Internet for contemporary secularists as it helps develop a group consciousness based around broadly similar agendas and ideas and secularists{\textquoteright} recognition of their commonality and their expression in collective action, online as well as off. },
	keywords = {Atheism, identity, New Media, Secular},
	url = {http://www.ryananddebi.com/secularismjournal/index.php/snr/article/view/3},
	author = {Christopher Smith and Richard Cimino}
}
@inbook {2170,
	title = {The {\textquotedblleft}Almost{\textquotedblright} Territories of the Charismatic Christian Internet},
	booktitle = {The Changing World Religion Map},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3899-3912},
	publisher = {Springer },
	organization = {Springer },
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {The constantly emerging technologies of the internet are frequently described in terms that evoke space. As online technologies continue to grow in their global ubiquity, it is appropriate to consider how the virtual geographies that are conjured in online engagement extend beyond the web browser. This chapter builds upon anthropological approaches studying religious communication to consider how internet engagement with some religious Believers creates and provides a sense of presence in an inspirited world. I first discuss how anthropologists approached the relationship between religious communication and space before considering Charismatic Christians in the UK. Following 12 months of fieldwork in their churches in the South of England, I describe a range of everyday internet practices and the spiritual implications held by my informants. The key finding is that the technologies of the internet provide for Believers contexts in which they are able to perceive and directly experience the dimensions of their spiritual battles. While British Christianity continues to suffer steady decline, web-based resources allow Christians opportunities to experience connections with others as part of an unstoppable, global, wave of revival. This sense of sanctified online community is tempered by knowledge that words transmitted in some online contexts may be witnessed by non-Believers. While this knowledge is mostly welcomed by members, shared spaces such as Facebook or Youtube can become sites for spiritually hazardous confrontations. In their engagement with online media these Christians experience online comments lists, blog entries, and social networking platforms as sites in which struggles for global, national, and personal salvation are staged and restaged. For these Christians, the spaces of the internet come to be experienced as territories in constant transition.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Communication, internet, social media},
	issn = {978-94-017-9375-9},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_206$\#$citeas},
	author = {Stewart, A}
}
@article {2039,
	title = {Approaches to Digital Methods in Studies of Digital Religion},
	journal = {The Communication Review},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {73-97},
	abstract = {This article reviews digital methodologies in the context of digital religion. We offer a tripod model for approaching digital methods: (a) defining research within digital environments, (b) the utilization of digital tools, and (c) applying unique digital frames. Through a critical review of multiple research projects, we explore three dominant research methods employed within the study of digital religion, namely, the use of textual analysis, interviews, and ethnography. Thus, we highlight the opportunities and challenges of using digital methods.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10714421.2017.1304137},
	author = {Tsuria, R and Yadlin-Segal, A and Virtillo, A and Campbell, H}
}
@book {2076,
	title = {The Amish and the media},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {JHU Press},
	organization = {JHU Press},
	abstract = {This collection is the first scholarly treatment of the relationship between the Amish and the media in contemporary American life. The essays not only focus on the Amish as subjects in mainstream media{\textemdash}news, movies, TV{\textemdash}but also view them as producers and consumers of media themselves.

Of all the religious groups in contemporary America, few demonstrate as many reservations toward the media as do the Old Order Amish. Yet these attention-wary citizens have become a media phenomenon, featured in films, novels, magazines, newspapers, and television{\textemdash}from Witness, Amish in the City, and Devil{\textquoteright}s Playground to the intense news coverage of the 2006 Nickel Mines School shooting. But the Old Order Amish are more than media subjects. Despite their separatist tendencies, they use their own media networks to sustain Amish culture. Chapters in the collection examine the influence of Amish-produced newspapers and books, along with the role of informal spokespeople in Old Order communities.

With essays from experts in the fields of film and media studies, poetry, American studies, anthropology, and history, this groundbreaking study shows how the relationship between the Amish and the media provides valuable insights into the perception of minority religion in North American culture.},
	keywords = {Amish, media},
	issn = {9780801887895},
	url = {https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/amish-and-media},
	author = {Umble, D.Z and Weaver-Zercher, D.L}
}
@article {39,
	title = {Authentic Identities: Straightedge Subculture, Music, and the Internet},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Ethnography},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2006},
	month = {April 2006},
	pages = {173-200},
	abstract = {In this article, the author examines the relative roles of music and the internet for self-identifying members of the straightedge youth subculture. For nearly 30 years, subcultures have been conceptualized primarily in terms of music and style. Participation has therefore typically been characterized by the consumption of specific types of music and clothing and participation in local, face-to-face music scenes. However, with the recent growth of information and communication technologies like the internet, opportunities have emerged that enable individuals to participate in subcultures in which they otherwise might not participate. The author shows that a new type of subculturalist is emerging{\textemdash}one whose subcultural participation is limited to the internet.Using the concepts of authenticity and scene, the author explores how participants in a straightedge internet forum negotiate their affiliations with the subculture and how some members attempt to halt others{\textquoteright} claims to a straightedge identity. The study suggests that the internet is emerging as a new, but highly contested, subcultural scene.},
	keywords = {authenticity, identity, internet, scene, straightedge, subculture},
	url = {http://jce.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/173},
	author = {Williams, Patrick J.}
}
