@book {354,
	title = {The digital divide: Poverty and Wealth in the Information Age},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Wellington},
	organization = {Wellington},
	address = {Caritas Aotearoa New Zealand},
	keywords = {information, Poverty},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Digital_Divide.html?id=2a4ZLgAACAAJ},
	author = {Caritas Aotearoa and Louise May}
}
@article {1267,
	title = {DANIEL DENNETT, MEMES AND RELIGION: Reasons for the Historical Persistence of Religion},
	journal = {PENSAMIENTO},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2007},
	chapter = {815},
	abstract = {In the work which appeared in 2006 titled Breaking the Spell. Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (Viking, New York, 2006) Daniel C. Dennett again explained
his ideas on memes and the theory of memes, by applying it to the study of religion from the perspective of evolutionary biology. His conclusions establish that religion is a meme and that its persistence in history is explained by the replicating processes of memetic structures. However, are there reasons of philosophical or scientific rationality for men having persisted in religion? Dennett does not go into a deep rational analysis of religion. He simply states that it has a memetic structure and he considers that this is a sufficient basis to {\guillemotleft}break the spell{\guillemotright}.},
	keywords = {Atheism, Dennett, memes, religion},
	url = {http://www.sp.upcomillas.es/sites/corporativo/Biblioteca\%20de\%20documentos21/6th\%20Session\%20-\%20Philosophy-Theology/Documents/G.\%20Armengol\%20-\%20Daniel\%20Dennett,\%20Memes\%20and\%20Religion.pdf},
	author = {Guillermo Armengol}
}
@article {1310,
	title = {De-Centering and Re-Centering: Rethinking Concepts and Methods in the Sociological Study of Religion},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {437},
	keywords = {methods, religion, Research, scholar, Sociology of religion},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01585.x/full},
	author = {Wendy Cadge and Peggy Levitt and David Smilde}
}
@article {2037,
	title = {The Dissonance of {\textquotedblleft}Civil{\textquotedblright} Religion in Religious-Political Memetic Discourse During the 2016 Presidential Elections},
	journal = {Social Media+Society},
	keywords = {Politics, religion},
	author = {Campbell, H and Arrezndo, K and Dundas, K and Wolf, C}
}
@book {2849,
	title = {Digital Creatives and the Rethinking of Religious Authority},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Much speculation was raised in the 1990s, during the first decade of internet research, about the extent to which online platforms and digital culture might challenge traditional understandings of authority, especially in religious contexts. Digital Creatives and the Rethinking of Religious Authority explores the ways in which religiously-inspired digital media experts and influencers online challenge established religious leaders and those who seek to maintain institutional structures in a world where online and offline religious spaces are increasingly intertwined. In the twenty-first century, the question of how digital culture may be reshaping notions of whom or what constitutes authority is incredibly important. Questions asked include:

Who truly holds religious power and influence in an age of digital media? Is it recognized religious leaders and institutions? Or religious digital innovators? Or digital media users?
What sources, processes and/or structures can and should be considered authoritative online, and offline?
Who or what is really in control of religious technological innovation?
This book reflects on how digital media simultaneously challenges and empowers new and traditional forms of religious authority. It is a gripping read for those with an interest in communication, culture studies, media studies, religion/religious studies, sociology of religion, computer-mediated communication, and internet/digital culture studies.},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Digital-Creatives-and-the-Rethinking-of-Religious-Authority/Campbell/p/book/9781138370975},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A.}
}
@book {792,
	title = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {276},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book:provides a detailed review of major topics, includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations
 and considers the theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised.  Drawing together the work of experts from key disciplinary perspectives, Digital Religion is invaluable for students wanting to develop a deeper understanding of the field.
},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Religion \& New Media, Sociology of religion, Technoculture},
	issn = {978-0-415-67611-3},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=ox4q7T59KikC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi A Campbell}
}
@book {2063,
	title = {Digital Judaism: Jewish negotiations with digital media and culture},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In this volume, contributors consider the ways that Jewish communities and users of new media negotiate their uses of digital technologies in light of issues related to religious identity, community and authority. Digital Judaism presents a broad analysis of how and why various Jewish groups negotiate with digital culture in particular ways, situating such observations within a wider discourse of how Jewish groups throughout history have utilized communication technologies to maintain their Jewish identities across time and space. Chapters address issues related to the negotiation of authority between online users and offline religious leaders and institutions not only within ultra-Orthodox communities, but also within the broader Jewish religious culture, taking into account how Jewish engagement with media in Israel and the diaspora raises a number of important issues related to Jewish community and identity. Featuring recent scholarship by leading and emerging scholars of Judaism and media, Digital Judaism is an invaluable resource for researchers in new media, religion and digital culture.},
	keywords = {culture, digital judaism, digital media, Digital Religion, Jewish religion},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=IKYGCAAAQBAJ\&printsec=frontcover\&dq=978-0415736244\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwj88ouMqMTbAhXjt1kKHf-7CykQ6AEILjAB$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {286,
	title = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Authority, avatars, community, history, identity, internet, online church, social media, theology, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Fischer-Nielsen, Peter and Gelfgren, Stefan and Ess, Charles}
}
@book {2077,
	title = {Digital methodologies in the sociology of religion},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	organization = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	address = {London, England},
	abstract = {This volume considers the implementation difficulties of researching religion online and reflects on the ethical dilemmas faced by sociologists of religion when using digital research methods. Bringing together established and emerging scholars, global case studies draw on the use of social media as a method for researching religious oppression, religion and identity in virtual worlds, digital communication within religious organizations, and young people{\textquoteright}s diverse expressions of faith online. Additionally, boxed tips are provided throughout the text to serve as reminders of tools that readers may use in their own research projects.},
	keywords = {Digital, Sociology of religion},
	issn = {9781472571182},
	url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/digital-methodologies-in-the-sociology-of-religion-9781472571182/},
	author = {Cheruvallil-Contractor, S and Shakkour, S}
}
@article {1186,
	title = {Digital Gravescapes: Digital Memorializing on Facebook},
	journal = {The Information Society: An International Journal},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {184},
	abstract = {I conduct a textual analysis of a digital memorial to understand the ways in which the digital sphere has disrupted or altered material and aesthetic displays of death and the associated genre of discourses surrounding death. I first use Morris{\textquoteright}s history of traditional gravescapes to situate digital memorials within their broader historical context. I then draw on the functional genre of eulogies, in particular Jamieson and Campbell{\textquoteright}s systematic description of eulogies, as a textual analytic to understand Facebook{\textquoteright}s unique memorializing discourse. My analysis suggests that the affordances of the Internet allow for a peculiar dynamic wherein the bereaved engage in communication with the deceased instead of with each other and yet strengthen the communal experience, as their personal communications are visible to the entire community. While the digital memorials lack the permanence of traditional gravescapes, the ongoing conversation they foster sublimates death into the process of communication.},
	keywords = {Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, Death, digital media, digital memorials, discourse, eulogy, Facebook, gravescapes, memorializing, memorializing discourse, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, Religion and the Internet, religious engagement, rhetoric, social media, Sociology of religion, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972243.2013.777309$\#$.UikZdDasim7},
	author = {Scott Church}
}
@inbook {2092,
	title = {Digital storytelling and collective religious identity in a moderate to progressive youth group},
	booktitle = {Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {147{\textendash}154},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book: provides a detailed review of major topics, includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations
considers the theoretical and ethical and theological issues raised.},
	keywords = {digital storytelling, religious identity, youth group},
	issn = {9780415676106},
	url = {https://www.bookdepository.com/Digital-Religion/9780415676106},
	author = {Clark, LS and Dierberg, J}
}
@article {1991,
	title = {The dynamics and digitisation of religious testimonies: a case of prophetic ministries in Botswana},
	journal = {Anthropology Southern Africa},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {10},
	type = {Research},
	chapter = {85},
	abstract = {A major element in the religious practice of believers in prophetic Christianity is the sharing of religious testimonies. Focusing on prophetic ministries in Botswana, this paper examines the nature and function of religious testimonies and the dynamics of their digitisation and online circulation. It explores the ways in which religious testimonies mediate or extend the reach of prophetic ministries. Using data collected through fieldwork observation, in-depth interviews and digital ethnography, I argue that the sharing of testimony within Pentecostal Christian circles can be described as a system of institutional performance that aims to direct the spiritual development of believers, reinforce the central place and authority of a prophet and advance the institutional identity of a prophetic ministry.},
	author = {Faimau, Gabriel}
}
@article {1189,
	title = {The Divine Online: Civic Organizing, Identity Building, and Internet Fluency Among Different Religious Groups},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {The number of religious congregations with Web sites nearly tripled from 1998{\textendash}2006, and each year another 10,000 congregations launch a Web site (Chaves \& Anderson, 2008). Couple this with the fact that 79\% of attendees are now in a congregation with a Web site. Scholars of media and religion know very little, however, about the content of these Web sites or what they tell us about the culture of different religious groups. The aim of this article, therefore, is to examine how congregations are constructing Web sites to advertise their identity, organize their followers to get involved in civic and political issues, and provide an interactive space for online participation in actual ministries. Extensive qualitative data were gathered from 600 individual congregation Web sites from nine denominations in 53 different cities across the United States. The results of the descriptive analysis of these data suggest that there is a strong correlation between the {\textquotedblleft}off-line{\textquotedblright} characteristics of a particular congregation and the {\textquotedblleft}on-line{\textquotedblright} characteristics of the same congregation. Evangelical congregations tend to have more complex, attractive, and interactive Web sites and fall into the {\textquotedblleft}online religion{\textquotedblright} camp. Liberal-Protestant and Catholic congregations tend to create static {\textquotedblleft}brochure{\textquotedblright} style Web sites that emphasize their denominational identity and thus fall into Hadden and Cowan{\textquoteright}s (2000) {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright} camp. This study expands our theoretical knowledge about the proliferation of media into, and out of, religious congregations, and offers a broader understanding about how institutions negotiate their online identity in the digital age.
[Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher{\textquoteright}s online edition of the Journal of Media and Religion for the following free supplemental resource: Appendix II: Web Site Screen Shots.]},
	keywords = {Catholic, Catholic congregations, Catholics, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, internet, Mass media, media and religion, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, religious media research, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15348423.2011.572438$\#$.Uin0bMasim4},
	author = {Justin Farrell}
}
@article {2924,
	title = {Discipline and punish},
	journal = {Journal of Management \& Governance},
	year = {1977},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10997-008-9080-7},
	author = {Foucault, M.}
}
@article {2754,
	title = {Digital pilgrimage: Exploring Catholic monastic webcasts},
	journal = {The Communication Review},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {This study questions how religious webmasters view the objectives of their webcasting in relation to pilgrimage. Findings uncovered four facets: (1) mediation of the holy sites and experience; (2) bonding between Holy Land communities and global believers; (3) cultivating agents; (4) media experiences as a pilgrimage surrogate. Drawing on Walter Benjamin, the study elucidates how online videos evoke proximity to the sacred, thus connecting holy sites and believers, while affirming webmasters as secondary actors of religious authority.},
	doi = {10.1080/10714421.2017.1416795},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322215646_Digital_pilgrimage_Exploring_Catholic_monastic_webcasts},
	author = {Golan, Oren and Martini, Michele}
}
@book {297,
	title = {Digital Zen: Buddhism, Virtual Worlds and Online Meditation},
	series = {Religion, Media and Culture },
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {new York},
	abstract = {Because it makes its practitioners mindful of desire, _Digital Zen_ argues that the primarily Western converts who practice Anglo-Buddhist digital religion offer a form of religion that allows them to flourish in a late capitalistic society.  Much contemporary popular religion is a protest against, and also a product of, the suffering produced by the desires of living in late capitalism.  Being mindful of desire is crucial for human flourishing in late capitalism, because while {\textquotedblleft}solid{\textquotedblright} modernity was driven by need and production, the current {\textquotedblleft}liquid{\textquotedblright} system is driven by desire and consumption.  Digital Buddhism is an apt place to locate such desires because freed from the physical, digital media display the unhindered imagination of its users, and Buddhism, throughout its historical phases, has seen desire as the cause of suffering.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Digital, Ethnography, Meditation, Second Life, Virtual World, Zen},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@article {2788,
	title = {Discovering the Digital Authority: Twitter as Reporting Tool for Papal Activities},
	journal = {Online - Heidelberg Journal for Religions on the Internet},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {This article focuses on Pope Francis activities on Twitter and understanding the way of using this kind of social media by religious authorities. By examining Francis{\textquoteright}s tweets from half a year of his pontificate (from September 13, 2013 to March 16, 2014), the author offers an in-depth overview of methods for studying the presence of religious authority in the digital world. In fact, he faces both the rapidly growing Heidi Campbell{\textquoteright}s Religious Social-Shaping of Technology analytic frame and the grounded theory approach. Conducting the research the author shows that Pope Francis{\textquoteright}s Twitter can be treated as a good example of {\textquoteleft}religion online{\textquoteright} based on specific strategy to extend religious authority from the real to the virtual world.},
	url = {https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/23533},
	author = {Guzek, Damian}
}
@book {2179,
	title = {The Dot On the I In History: Of Gentiles and Jews{\textemdash}a Hebrew Odyssey Scrolling the Internet},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Lulu Press},
	organization = {Lulu Press},
	abstract = {The inspiration author Michael B. Hammer received when speaking with others about the Israeli-Palestinian problem led to The Dot on the I in History: On Gentiles and Jews{\textemdash}Scrolling the Internet with the goal of helping others better understand the problem. When the issues involve intertribal, interracial, interreligious, and international human relationships lasting over several generations, they often become so complex one does not see the forest for trees, unless one knows where and when the seeds were planted. That is what history is all about. This book aspires to explain what Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have in common, how they differ, and how they have evolved. You{\textquoteright}ll also learn how the Internet has affected and changed those involved in the Middle East conflict. With this information, you will have a better understanding of the real reasons for such world-changing events as what took place on 9/11.},
	keywords = {Hebrew, internet, Jews},
	issn = {9781483427003},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=63JGDwAAQBAJ\&dq=Internet+and+Jews\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Hammer, M.B}
}
@article {2687,
	title = {Disenchantment revisited: Formations of the {\textquoteleft}secular{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}religious{\textquoteright} in the technological discourse of modernity},
	journal = {Social Compass},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {This article problematizes sociologist Max Weber{\textquoteright}s famed notion of {\textquoteleft}disenchantment{\textquoteright} in order to explore the ways in which {\textquoteleft}technology{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}religion{\textquoteright} operate in the discourse of {\textquoteleft}secular modernity{\textquoteright}. It suggests that disenchantment is not simply epistemological, that is, synonymous with rationalization and intellectualization, but also ontological, and a description of the overhauling of what Bruno Latour calls the {\textquoteleft}modernist settlement{\textquoteright}. It proceeds in following manner: (1) it presents an {\textquoteleft}interpretive genealogy{\textquoteright} of technological rationality in discourses about modernity, demonstrating an internal conflict, especially in how {\textquoteleft}religion{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}the secular,{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}technology{\textquoteright} are conceptualized. It posits that the lack of consistency in the invocation of these terms is a symptom of a deeper unresolved ontological (or, onto-cosmological) tension. (2) After establishing this ontological aporia, the article proceeds to offer a rereading of Weber{\textquoteright}s original concept of disenchantment. (3) Finally, the author teases out some of the implications of reading disenchantment ontologically for the understanding of religion and technology.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0037768614560960},
	author = {Han, Sam}
}
@article {144,
	title = {Diaspora on the electronic frontier: Developing virtual connections with sacred homelands},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself.
},
	keywords = {electronic frontier, Online, Sacred, virtual communities},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/helland.html},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {2119,
	title = {Digital Traces in Context - An Introduction},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication },
	volume = {12},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {A consequence of living in a media-saturated world is that we inevitably leave behind digital traces of our media use. In this introduction to the International Journal of Communication{\textquoteright}s thematic section, we argue for a need to put those digital traces in context. As a starting point, we outline our basic understanding of digital traces, generally defining them as numerically produced correlations of disparate kinds of data
that are generated by our practices in a media environment characterized by digitalization. On this basis, we distinguish three contextual facets that are of relevance when considering digital traces: first, the context of the scientific discourse in which research on digital traces is positioned; second, the context of the methods being applied to researching them; and third, the aforementioned context of the empirical field. With reference to the articles in this thematic section, this introduction argues that, in a single study, all three contextual facets interact as the scientific discourse relates to the methods being used, which in turn relates to the entire field of research. },
	keywords = {big data, contextualization, datafication, deep mediatization, digital methods, digital traces},
	url = {http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8650},
	author = {Hepp, A and Breiter, A and Friemel, T}
}
@article {2932,
	title = {Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context},
	journal = {Online Readings in Psychology and Culture},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article describes briefly the Hofstede model of six dimensions of national cultures: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It shows the conceptual and research efforts that preceded it and led up to it, and once it had become a paradigm for comparing cultures, research efforts that followed and built on it. The article stresses that dimensions depend on the level of aggregation; it describes the six entirely different dimensions found in the Hofstede et al. (2010) research into organizational cultures. It warns against confusion with value differences at the individual level. It concludes with a look ahead in what the study of dimensions of national cultures and the position of countries on them may still bring.},
	url = {https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8/},
	author = {Hofstede, G}
}
@book {2856,
	title = {Does God Make the Man?: Media, Religion, and the Crisis of Masculinity},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {NYU Press},
	organization = {NYU Press},
	abstract = {Many believe that religion plays a positive role in men{\textquoteright}s identity development, with religion promoting good behavior, and morality. In contrast, we often assume that the media is a negative influence for men, teaching them to be rough and violent, and to ignore their emotions. In Does God Make the Man?, Stewart M. Hoover and Curtis D. Coats draw on extensive interviews and participant observation with both Evangelical and non-Evangelical men, including Catholics as well as Protestants, to argue that neither of these assumptions is correct.

Dismissing the easy notion that media encourages toxic masculinity and religion is always a positive influence, Hoover and Coats argue that not only are the linkages between religion, media, and masculinity not as strong and substantive as has been assumed, but the ways in which these relations actually play out may contradict received views. Over the course of this fascinating book they examine crises, contradictions, and contestations: crises about the meaning of masculinity and about the lack of direction men experience from their faith communities; contradictions between men{\textquoteright}s religious lives and media lives, and contestations among men{\textquoteright}s ideas about what it means to be a man. 

The book counters common discussions about a {\textquotedblleft}crisis of masculinity,{\textquotedblright} showing that actual men do not see the world the way the {\textquotedblleft}crisis talk{\textquotedblright} has portrayed it{\textemdash}and interestingly, even Evangelical men often do not see religion as part of the solution.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Does-God-Make-Man-Masculinity/dp/1479862231},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M. and Coats, Curtis D.}
}
@article {2794,
	title = {Digital Islamophobia: The Swedish woman as a figure of pure and dangerous whiteness},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article addresses the digital culture of Islamophobic bloggers, focusing on the online circulation of a forensic photograph of a Swedish woman who was assaulted. The analysis shows how through appropriating this image, the bloggers created a unifying, imagined whiteness in the transnational Islamophobic network. The empirical analysis clarifies how this one image migrated and transformed in the blogosphere and legitimated the recurrent discursive trope of {\textquotedblleft}Muslim rape.{\textquotedblright} This image became a subcultural {\textquotedblleft}memory freeze frame{\textquotedblright} crystallizing the contemporary Islamophobic ideologies articulated in connection to race, ethnicity, nation, gender, and sexuality. The viral circulation of this image constructed a cultural, gendered, and racial Swedish whiteness, imagined to have become victimized by both Islam and liberal feminism, and therefore requiring global protection.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816642169},
	author = {Horsti, Karina}
}
@book {249,
	title = {Digital Jesus. The Making of a New Christian Fundamentalist Community on the Internet},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {New York University Press},
	organization = {New York University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In the 1990s, Marilyn Agee developed one of the most well-known amateur evangelical websites focused on the "End Times", The Bible Prophecy Corner. Around the same time, Lambert Dolphin, a retired Stanford physicist, started the website Lambert{\textquoteright}s Library to discuss with others online how to experience the divine. While Marilyn and Lambert did not initially correspond directly, they have shared several correspondents in common. Even as early as 1999 it was clear that they were members of the same online network of Christians, a virtual church built around those who embraced a common ideology. Digital Jesusdocuments how such like-minded individuals created a large web of religious communication on the Internet, In essence developing a new type of new religious movement - one without a central leader or institution. Based on over a decade of interaction with figures both large and small within this community, Robert Glenn Howard offers the first sustained ethnographic account of the movement as well as a realistic and pragmatic view of how new communication technologies can both empower and dis-empower the individuals who use them. By tracing the group{\textquoteright}s origins back To The email lists and "Usenet" groups of the 1980s up To The online forums of today, Digital Jesusalso serves as a succinct history of the development of online group communications.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Jesus.html?id=s4KVSQAACAAJ},
	author = {Howard, Robert G}
}
@article {2765,
	title = {Design and the digital Bible: persuasive technology and religious reading},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religion},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article analyses two {\textquoteleft}digital Bibles{\textquoteright}, products that allow the user to engage with the Bible through the screen and speakers of his/her mobile phone, tablet or computer. Both products, {\textquoteleft}YouVersion{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}GloBible{\textquoteright}, have been created by Evangelical Christian companies. I argue that both are designed to train the user in traditional Evangelical Christian understandings of the work of reading. Digital media offer new opportunities to guide and influence the user, and this article applies the concepts of {\textquoteleft}persuasive technologies{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}procedural rhetoric{\textquoteright} to analyse the design intentions of the two digital Bibles. This approach helps us to appreciate the significance of the material form of a sacred text as a vehicle for religious socialisation and raises important questions about the potential for digital media to re-shape traditional relationships of power in Evangelical Christian communities.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537903.2017.1298903},
	author = {Hutchings, Tim}
}
@inbook {1935,
	title = {The Dis/Embodied Church: Worship, new media and the body},
	booktitle = {Christianity in the Modern World: Changes and Controversies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {2},
	keywords = {New Media, online church},
	issn = {9781409470250},
	author = {Tim Hutchings}
}
@book {463,
	title = {Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net },
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Sage Publishing},
	organization = {Sage Publishing},
	address = {London },
	abstract = {The Internet is a medium with great consequences for social and economic life. This book is written to help people discern in what ways it has commanded the public imagination, and the methodological issues that arise when one tries to study and understand the social processes occurring within it. The contributors offer original responses in the search for, and critique of, methods with which to study the Internet and the social, political, economic, artistic, and communicative phenomena occurring within and around it.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=15SksRiDf04C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Steve Jones}
}
@article {232,
	title = {Discovering the Invisible Internet: Methodological Aspects of Searching Religion on the Internet},
	journal = {Online: Heidelberg Journal of Religion on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5828/pdf/Krueger3a.pdf},
	author = {Kruger, Oliver}
}
@article {611,
	title = {The Death of a Virtual Muslim Discussion Group: Issues and Methods in Analysing Religion on the Net },
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet },
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article, G{\"o}ran Larsson analzyes Islamic online discussion group. All the suggested approaches are tested against data taken from the largest Swedish Muslim discussion group, Sveriges F{\"o}renade CyberMuslimer (SFCM). },
	keywords = {communication technology, forum, information, methodology, Muslim minorities, Sweden},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/frontdoor.php?source_opus=5825},
	author = {Larsson, G.}
}
@article {2972,
	title = {Discursive legitimation of a controversial technology: Ultra-Orthodox Jewish women in Israel and the Internet},
	journal = {The Communication Review},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {The introduction of the internet to ultra-Orthodox Jewish society has presented an acute dilemma. While seen as a potential carrier of secular values and officially banned, the internet also presents significant socio-economic opportunities for a community in which women are often the sole providers. This research focuses on the discursive strategies ultra-Orthodox women internet users employ to legitimate their use of this controversial technology. A glaring disparity was observed between these women{\textquoteright}s actual, subversive technology-related practices and the rhetorical construction of the same practices, which attempted to portray them as congruent with community values. We suggest that when investigating the domestication of new technologies, examining technology-related discourse may be no less important than the more common to date focus on practice.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10714420601168467},
	author = {Livio, o. and Tenenboim Weinblatt, K.}
}
@book {413,
	title = {Digital Storytelling, Mediatized Stories. Self-representations in New Media},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Recent years have seen amateur personal stories, focusing on {\guillemotleft}me, flourish on social networking sites and in digital storytelling workshops. The resulting digital stories could be called {\guillemotleft}mediatized stories. This book deals with these self-representational stories, aiming to understand the transformations in the age-old practice of storytelling that have become possible with the new, digital media. Its approach is interdisciplinary, exploring how the mediation or mediatization processes of digital storytelling can be grasped and offering a sociological perspective of media studies and a socio-cultural take of the educational sciences. Aesthetic and literary perspectives on narration as well as questioning from an informatics perspective are also included.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Sl_WM0tVV84C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Lundby, K.}
}
@inbook {1269,
	title = {Dreams of Church in Cyberspace},
	booktitle = {Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	chapter = {2},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Blogging, Church, cyberspace, mission, Networked individualism, social networks, virtual community, Virtual environments, Virtual World, virtuality},
	url = {http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten\&seitentyp=produkt\&pk=60410\&concordeid=311474},
	author = {Knut Lundby}
}
@inbook {2117,
	title = {Digital Catholicism: The Internet and the Vatican},
	booktitle = { Global Catholicism in the Twenty-first Century},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {31-46},
	publisher = {Springer Singapore },
	organization = {Springer Singapore },
	abstract = {This chapter argues that the Catholic Church{\textquoteright}s presence on the Internet contributes to the formation of {\textquotedblleft}digital Catholicism{\textquotedblright}, an engagement by the Church with the users of the digital domain through online technologies in a post-secular world. The Vatican{\textquoteright}s website includes a wide range of information, from papal encyclicals to the latest feed from the Pope{\textquoteright}s Twitter account. The website poses a number of questions relevant to the study of religion in a digital age: How is the website{\textquoteright}s construction modelled on the corporate structure of the real-world Church? How does the website{\textquoteright}s design reflect the Church{\textquoteright}s geographic relationship to its members? And to what degree does the website encourage interaction with its users? The chapter critically assesses these questions, and how the Vatican website contributes to the Catholic Church{\textquoteright}s concern, especially since the aggiornamento of Vatican II, to keep the Church relevant in the context of secularisation. Furthermore, how the website reflects the Church{\textquoteright}s awareness of the importance of new communication technologies in a post-secular landscape, as expressed in the Vatican II documents Inter Mirifica and Communio et Progressio, and more recently {\textquotedblleft}The Church and Internet{\textquotedblright}, is assessed. Finally, unofficial Catholic websites, those run by laypeople seeking to raise awareness about issues important to them, will be analysed as examples of Internet use for religious purposes that lies outside of the control of religious organisations such as the Catholic Church. },
	keywords = {Catholicism, Digital Religion, internet, Vatican},
	issn = {9789811078026},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Global_Catholicism_in_the_Twenty_first_C.html?id=sHNLDwAAQBAJ},
	author = {Lynch, A.P.}
}
@article {2847,
	title = {Digital faiths: An analysis of the online practices of Muslim women in the Netherlands},
	journal = {Women{\textquoteright}s Studies International Forum},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {In response to current debates in Western Europe around Islam, gender equality and emancipation, this article aims to develop a new perspective on conceptualising {\textquoteleft}emancipation{\textquoteright} in feminist theory and practice. Our case study of how Muslim women in the Netherlands use digital media to negotiate their religious affiliations and multiple belongings shows that faith and religious practices are important markers of Muslim women{\textquoteright}s agency, both emancipatory and submissive. Theoretically, the article integrates classical feminist standpoint theory and situated knowledges with current debates on agency and subjectivity. Methodologically, our virtual ethnography draws on both online and offline data: postings on four websites for Muslims living in the Netherlands as well as focus group interviews with their editors/bloggers and women active in Dutch Muslim women{\textquoteright}s organisations. The data were analysed through Critical Discourse Analysis.
},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539513001337},
	author = {Midden, Eva and Ponzanesi, Sandra}
}
@article {2673,
	title = {Digital leadership, Twitter and Pope Francis},
	journal = {Church, Communication and Culture},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {The Internet reproduces and strengthens our model of social dialog. Just as in the physical world, the online public conversation and, above all, the ideological debate, requires leaders who can be a point of reference to either foster values or contradict them. The concept of leadership has drawn the attention of several studies concerning communication management. Leaders are neither all equal nor do they exercise leadership by means of the same tools. This article studies both the concept of digital leadership as a guide for online conversation and the use that microblogs, such as Twitter, can provide for this purpose. Among several public figures using Twitter, we have focused our study on the @Pontifex account to have an insight into the type of leadership exercised by the Holy Father and the impact of his teaching. The analysis shows that the Pope uses Twitter for catechetical purposes and that he is aware that his message can reach a large audience. Moreover, although interaction between the Pope and his followers on this platform is a fact already known, we have further found that some messages arouse followers{\textquoteright} interest more than others do.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181307},
	author = {Narbona, Juan}
}
@article {2761,
	title = {Digital religion and Hinduism in the United States},
	journal = {World Englishes},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {As religions migrate from their native contexts, they adopt new languages for their communication. Additionally, in the 21st century, digital media is being used for religious practices such as ritual worship, sermons and discourses. This article focuses on the case of Hinduism in the US diaspora where the Hindu community (unlike its native counterpart in India) uses the English language and the digital media for the Hindu religious practices. In particular, this article discusses the ways in which the use of the English language and digital media is more conventionalized in the context of discussion about religion (in the discourses of satsang), as opposed to the experience of religion (for example, in puja {\textquoteleft}worship ritual{\textquoteright}).},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/weng.12338},
	author = {Pandharipande, Rajeshwari V.}
}
@article {264,
	title = {Do you believe in magic? Computer Games in Everyday Life},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {225-243},
	abstract = {Huizinga{\textquoteright}s concept of a {\textquoteright}magic circle{\textquoteright} has been used to depict computer games and gaming activities as something separate from ordinary life. In this view, games are special (magical) and they only come to life within temporal and spatial borders that are enacted and performed by the participants. This article discusses the concept of a {\textquoteright}magic circle{\textquoteright} and finds that it lacks specificity. Attempts to use the concept of a magic circle create a number of anomalies that are problematic. This is not, as has been suggested earlier, primarily a matter of the genre of the game, or a discussion of what an appropriate definition of a {\textquoteright}game{\textquoteright} might be. Rather, in this study with hardcore gamers, playing computer games is a routine and mundane activity, making the boundary between play and non-play tenuous to say the least. This article presents an alternative theoretical framework which should be explored further.},
	url = {http://ecs.sagepub.com/content/11/2/225.abstract},
	author = {Pargman, Daniel and Jakobsson, Peter}
}
@inbook {344,
	title = {Digital Apocalypse: The Implicit Religiosity of the Millennium Bug Scare},
	booktitle = {Religions of Modernity: Relocating the Sacred to the Self and the Digital},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {239-259},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {Leiden},
	keywords = {Implicit religion, millennium bug},
	author = {Karen P{\"a}rna and Aupers, Stef and Houtman, Dick}
}
@article {2735,
	title = {Digital religion, the supermarket and the commons},
	journal = {Soci{\'e}t{\'e}s},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {The aim of this article is to highlight an intersection between recent research on contemporary spiritualities and work in the field of digital religion. The concept of commons-based peer production, developed in the areas of social digital technologies and networked collaboration, offers an alternative to the widely used analogy of the spiritual supermarket when it comes to describing and explaining the eclecticism at work in some contemporary spiritualities.},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-societes-2018-1-page-73.htm},
	author = {R{\"a}hme, Boris}
}
@article {423,
	title = {Divergent Attitudes within Orthodox Jewry Toward Mass Communication},
	journal = {Review of Communication},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {20-38},
	abstract = {This paper examines the divergent attitudes toward mass media among the streams of Orthodox Jewry. According to most Ultra-Orthodox Jewish leaders, media spread blasphemy, provoke gossip and slander, and steal time from religious studies, but Rabbi M. Schneerson, late leader of the Chabad movement, believed that the media should be exploited to spread the tenets of Judaism. Modern Orthodox rabbis generally favor limited access to media*filtering out its negative aspects, embracing its positive features, and using it to impart religious knowledge. Understanding these various attitudes may help media professionals deal with religion-based criticism and encourage media-borne moderate religious dialogue.},
	keywords = {Communication, Jewish, Jews, Orthodox},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15358593.2010.504883$\#$preview},
	author = {Rashi, T}
}
@article {2808,
	title = {The Dynamics of Religion, Media, and Community},
	journal = {Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {This article introduces the special issue, {\textquotedblleft}The Dynamics of Religion, Media, and Community{\textquotedblright}. It examines the shifting faith in the concept of religious community in the social studies of religion and calls attention to the normative expectations connected to the rise of new forms of communities in the age of the Internet. Against this backdrop, it discusses strengths and weakness of selected approaches in the study of media and religion and suggests future research pathways to which the articles in the special issue provide important contributions.},
	url = {https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/23945},
	author = {Rota, Andrea and Kruger, Oliver}
}
@inbook {3013,
	title = {Design \& domestication of ICTs: Technical change and everyday life},
	booktitle = {Communicating by design: The politics of information and communication technologies},
	year = {1996},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press. },
	organization = {Oxford University Press. },
	address = {Oxford},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239065099_Design_and_the_Domestication_of_Information_and_Communication_Technologies_Technical_Change_and_Everyday_Life},
	author = {Silverstone, R. H. L.}
}
@article {267,
	title = {Digital Arabs: Representation in Video Games},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {203-220},
	abstract = {This article presents the ways in which Muslims and Arabs are represented and represent themselves in video games. First, it analyses how various genres of European and American video games have constructed the Arab or Muslim Other. Within these games, it demonstrates how the diverse ethnic and religious identities of the Islamic world have been flattened out and reconstructed into a series of social typologies operating within a broader framework of terrorism and hostility. It then contrasts these broader trends in western digital representation with selected video games produced in the Arab world, whose authors have knowingly subverted and refashioned these stereotypes in two unique and quite different fashions. In conclusion, it considers the significance of western attempts to transcend simplified patterns of representation that have dominated the video game industry by offering what are known as {\textquoteright}serious{\textquoteright} games.},
	url = {http://ecs.sagepub.com/content/11/2/203.abstract},
	author = {Sisler, Vit}
}
@book {1283,
	title = {Deus in Machina:Religion, Technology, and the Things in Betwee},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Fordham University Press},
	organization = {Fordham University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The essays in this volume explore how two domains of human experience and action--religion and technology--are implicated in each other. Contrary to commonsense understandings of both religion (as an "otherworldly" orientation) and technology (as the name for tools, techniques, and expert knowledges oriented to "this" world), the contributors to this volume challenge the grounds on which this division has been erected in the first place. What sorts of things come to light when one allows religion and technology to mingle freely? In an effort to answer that question, Deus in Machina embarks upon an interdisciplinary voyage across diverse traditions and contexts where religion and technology meet: from the design of clocks in medieval Christian Europe, to the healing power of prayer in premodern Buddhist Japan, to 19th-century Spiritualist devices for communicating with the dead, to Islamic debates about kidney dialysis in contemporary Egypt, to the work of disability activists using documentary film to reimagine Jewish kinship, to the representation of Haitian Vodou on the Internet, among other case studies. Combining rich historical and ethnographic detail with extended theoretical reflection, Deus in Machina outlines new directions for the study of religion and/as technology that will resonate across the human sciences, including religious studies, science and technology studies, communication studies, history, anthropology, and philosophy.},
	keywords = {Buddhist, Christian, Egypt, Haitian, Islamic, Japan, medieval, religion and technology, religious studies, Spiritualist movement, Vodou},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780823250240},
	author = {Jeremy Stolow}
}
@article {56,
	title = {Digitally Enhanced or Dumbed Down? Evangelists{\textquoteright} Use of the Internet},
	journal = {Moebius},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {33-43},
	abstract = {Since renewalists{\textquoteright} prosperity theology is embraced by growing numbers of Christians, and since evangelical Christians are among the most active Internet users, it seemed appropriate to investigate renewalists{\textquoteright} use of the World Wide Web to reach followers. In the summer of 2007, I conducted a detailed content analysis of Web sites and podcasts produced by leading renewalist ministries. My theoretical grounding was in framing theory; I used constant comparative analysis to help organize themes that were prevalent in the media content. I identified ten areas of concern that relate to technology use, message issues, and listener responses called for by evangelists. What follows is a summary of my findings, and the obvious questions they raise as we consider whether digital media {\textquoteleft}dumbs down{\textquoteright} the Christian experience.},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1199\&context=moebius},
	author = {Douglas Swanson}
}
@article {2851,
	title = {Digital Religion and Media Economics: Concentration and Convergence in the Electronic Church},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {The economics that push every medium toward market concentration have historically done likewise to every religious medium. {\textquotedblleft}Online religion{\textquotedblright} is now, in its turn, colonized by an {\textquotedblleft}electronic church{\textquotedblright} industry that, due to media deregulation, is dominated by religious media conglomerates{\textemdash}through whom North Americans are most likely to engage in digital religion. The largest conglomerate alone generates 110 million computer sessions and 79 million mobile sessions per month. This study reviews the economics of media concentration and applications to religious media, surveys the digital footprint of the institutional electronic church, and advocates integration of media practices into Digital Religion Studies.},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/7/1/article-p90_90.xml?language=en},
	author = {Ward, Mark}
}
@article {3020,
	title = {The digital advantage: How digital leaders outperform their peers in every industry},
	journal = {MIT Sloan Management and Capgemini Consulting},
	year = {2012},
	url = {https://www.capgemini.com/us-en/resources/the-digital-advantage-how-digital-leaders-outperform-their-peers-in-every-industry/},
	author = {Westerman, G. and Tannou, M. and Bonnet, D. and Ferraris, P. and McAfee, A.}
}
@article {2141,
	title = {Digital Religion in China: A Comparative Perspective on Buddhism and Christianity{\textquoteright}s Online Publics in Sina Weibo},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {44-67},
	abstract = {The proliferation of social media in China has provided traditional religious authorities with multifarious digital features to revitalise and reinforce their practices and beliefs. However, under the authoritative political system different religions pick up the new media to varying degrees, thereby showing different characteristic and style in their social media use. This paper examines the public discourse about Buddhism and Christianity (two of the great official religions in China) on China{\textquoteright}s largest microblogging platform-Sina Weibo, and seeks to reveal a distinct landscape of religious online public in China. Through a close look at the social media posts aided by a text analytics software, Leximancer, this paper comparatively investigates several issues related to the Buddhism and Christianity online publics, such as religious networks, interactions between involved actors, the economics and politics of religion, and the role of religious charitable organizations. The result supports Campbell{\textquoteright}s proposition on digital religion that religious groups typically do not reject new technologies, but rather undergo a sophisticated negotiation process in accord with their communal norms and beliefs. It also reveals that in China a secular Buddhism directly contributes to a prosperous {\textquoteleft}temple economy{\textquoteright} while tension still exists between Christianity and the Chinese state due to ideological discrepancy. The paper further points out the possible direction for this nascent research field.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, China, Christianity, Digital Religion, Online},
	url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/21659214-90000095},
	author = {Zhang, Y}
}
@article {1951,
	title = {Do Digital Decisions Disciple?},
	year = {2015},
	month = {03/2015},
	abstract = {Online evangelists report the equivalent success of one Billy Graham crusade per day.

Three years ago, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) shifted its focus to online evangelism. It laid off about 50 people{\textemdash}10 percent of its staff{\textemdash}and {\textquotedblleft}redeployed resources to focus on areas of greater impact.{\textquotedblright}

The change seems to be paying off. In 2014, the BGEA shared the gospel with almost 9.5 million people around the world. Of those, only about 180,000 were in a live audience at a crusade, while 7.5 million were reached through BGEA websites.

Of the 1.6 million people who told the BGEA they prayed {\textquotedblleft}to accept Jesus Christ as [their] Savior{\textquotedblright} in 2014, less than 15,000 did so in person, while more than 1.5 million did so with the click of a mouse.},
	url = {http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2015/march/do-digital-decisions-disciple.html},
	author = {Sarah Eekhoff Zylstra}
}
