@article {2075,
	title = {Sexual Violence Discourse on Internet: Meme, Hoe and the Case of Eno Fariha},
	journal = {Jurnal Perempuan},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {405-413},
	abstract = {Internet memes are presently gaining momentum as the hip media of the internet, yet it also brought the dated notion of sexism and violence against women. The notion is apparent especially after the recent case of violence and murder of Eno Fariha was transformed
into memes. Using several superficial aspect of media coverage on Eno{\textquoteright}s case, such as the utilization of hoe for the murder, the creator of said memes basically implies that any women who violate practices identifiable with certain religion is subject to similar act of violence which befalls Eno. Moreover, taking into account that internet memes are made {\textquoteleft}just for laughs{\textquoteright}, the humor of the meme becomes more prevalent than the violence discourse. Further inspection is needed on how much has the discourse spread, especially with memes{\textquoteright} quick and easy spread through the internet, and on its discursive relation with religion and domestification of women.},
	keywords = {internet, meme, sexual violence},
	url = {http://www.indonesianfeministjournal.org/index.php/IFJ/article/view/147},
	author = {Agam, R. A}
}
@article {2880,
	title = {{\textquoteright}Sharing{\textquoteright} the Catholic faith: How priests establish/maintain religious authority on Facebook},
	journal = {Texas A \& M University},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Understanding how religious leaders use the internet to maintain their religious authority has been an area of study in media studies for the past twenty years. Little consensus has been reached as to what religious authority is, in the context of the internet. Nor, has the population of Catholic priests been investigated in light of religious authority on the internet. Therefore, this study seeks to understand strategies used by Catholic priests in the United States on Facebook to establish/maintain their religious authority using Facebook. Data was gathered by survey and in depth interviews with priests who acknowledged using Facebook on a regular basis. Survey data indicated that priests utilized Facebook in ways that mirrored three parts of their priestly identity. They used it as representatives of the institutional Catholic Church, members of the profession of priests, and as individuals. These three parts of priests{\textquoteright} identities led to differing strategies. Being a representative of the institutional Catholic Church included disseminating important Church information and defending doctrinal teachings of the Church. As a member of the profession of priests, they used Facebook to disseminate information about their local Church and build relationships in the professional capacity. As individuals, priests used Facebook to stay in contact with friends and family, sharing life events, using Facebook as a news-aggregate, and as a source of comedic content. It became evident that even the personal ways that priests used Facebook were ways of maintaining religious authority. Contrary to the overt strategies, priests utilized the personal space for covert evangelization. Since the survey data indicated that their identity was so important on Facebook, interview questioning probed why and how identity construction took place. Interview data indicated that authenticity was of the upmost importance when constructing an identity. Priests had to consider various and sometimes contradicting audiences when posting content on Facebook to represent themselves on Facebook. Additionally, their identities had to indicate that they were made in God{\textquoteright}s likeness in order to connect their various identities with a sense of religious authority. This led priests to the strategies indicated in survey data, namely, relationship building, evangelizing, and promoting Church-related content in order to establish/maintain religious authority on Facebook.},
	url = {http : / /hdl .handle .net /1969 .1 /157014},
	author = {Altenhofen, Brian Joseph}
}
@article {216,
	title = {Spirituality and Technology: Exploring the Relationship},
	journal = {First Monday},
	year = {1996},
	abstract = {This essay first looks at some of the social and cultural changes associated with the notion of a Digital Revolution, the result of the growth of the Internet and the emergence of {\textquoteright}cyberspace{\textquoteright}. It then examines some basic {\textquoteright}spiritual{\textquoteright} attitudes and how various debates within and between different schools of thought are changing attitudes about technology. Technology can be seen both as a degenerate practice and/or as a means to bring mankind to a higher level of consciousness or to a more well-developed civilization. Finally, the essay will discuss some of the emergent spiritual practices on the Internet itself.},
	keywords = {Attitudes, Changes, Cultural, religion, Social},
	url = {http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/496/417},
	author = {Bauwens, Michael}
}
@article {2885,
	title = {Social Interactions across media: Interpersonal communication on the Internet, face-to-face, and the telephone},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2004},
	abstract = {Two studies compared college students{\textquoteright} interpersonal interaction online, face-to-face, and on the telephone. A communication diary assessed the relative amount of social interactions college students conducted online compared to face-to-face conversation and telephone calls. Results indicated that while the internet was integrated into college students{\textquoteright} social lives, face-to-face communication remained the dominant mode of interaction. Participants reported using the internet as often as the telephone. A survey compared reported use of the internet within local and long distance social circles to the use of other media within those circles, and examined participants{\textquoteright} most recent significant social interactions conducted across media in terms of purposes, contexts, and quality. Internet interaction was perceived as high in quality, but slightly lower than other media. Results were compared to previous conceptualizations of the roles of internet in one{\textquoteright}s social life.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444804041438},
	author = {Nancy K. Baym and Yan Bing Zhang and Mei-Chen Lin}
}
@article {2048,
	title = {Studying technology \& ecclesiology in online multi-site worship},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religion},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {267-285},
	abstract = {This study brings together research approaches from media studies and practical theology in order to study and understand the relationship between online technological features of multi-site worship and the larger offline worshipping community to which it is connected. From the perspective of media studies we reflect on how new media technologies and cultures are allowed to shape online worship spaces and how larger institutional traditions and structures are allowed to shape technologically mediated church events. From the perspective of practical theology we use the notion of inculturation as a lens for a better understanding of the specific ways in which Christian worship practices adapt, change, and respond to the new cultural setting which emerges from the online worship context. Together, these approaches illuminate the interplay between digital technology and ecclesiological tradition in shaping multi-site church worship practices.},
	keywords = {Online, technology, worship},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537903.2014.903662},
	author = {Campbell, H and Delashmutt, M}
}
@inbook {2054,
	title = {Sanctifying the Internet: Aish{\textquoteright}s Use of the Internet for Digital Outreach},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Technology},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {74-90},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The internet is increasingly used by different Jewish groups as a tool of outreach, especially for religious organizations committed to calling secular Jews back into a religious lifestyle. One example of using the internet to connect, educate and encourage Jews is the work of Aish.com, the digital presence of Aish HaTorah. Due to its Orthodox outlook, it functions under a set of self-imposed rules in its web work to monitor and make sure the content and images that appear on the site support its conservative values and beliefs. While it seeks to be innovative in the types of information and forums it provides (from video podcasts and blogs to online seminars and courses), it insists its work is not a whole-scale endorsement of the internet for all religious Jews. Rather, the internet is presented as a necessary tool to be used in outreach to secular Jews. Aish.com allows Aish HaTorah the means to meet and influence secular Jews wherever they are. By using the internet within a bounded approach and by carefully monitoring web content, those working for the site avoid problematic images and topics as it seeks to sanctify the internet through bringing Torah and a Torah-based lifestyle into the digital realm},
	keywords = {digital outreach, internet},
	issn = { 978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-9},
	author = {Campbell, H and Bellar, W}
}
@article {2042,
	title = {Surveying Theoretical Approaches within Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {15-24},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of the development of Digital Religion studies and the theoretical approaches frequently employed within this area. Through considering the ways and theories of mediatization, mediation of meaning, and the religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology have been engaged and applied in studies of new media technologies, religion, and digital culture we see how Digital Religion studies has grown into a unique area of inquiry informed by both Internet studies and media, religion, and culture studies. Overall, it offers a concise summary of the current state of research inquiry within Digital Religion studies.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, mediation of meaning, mediatization, New Media, religion, religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649912},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2053,
	title = {Studying Jewish Engagement with Digital Media and Culture},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Technology},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-15},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The study of new media, religion and digital culture has been in existence for almost two decades. During this time scholars have explored a wide range of religious group{\textquoteright}s engagement with the internet, yet it is clear that some religious traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, have received much more attention than others. As Campbell and Lovheim (2011) noted in their assessment of the study of religion and the internet, there is still a need for a more nuanced understanding of the negotiation of the internet as a medium for religious practice within some religious groups. Also more careful consideration is called for regarding what some scholars have described as {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}the relationship between the online-offline religious contexts-within some religious traditions. This chapter argues that the study of Jewish groups and the internet has arguably been an understudied area in need of more significant attention and critical examination.},
	keywords = {culture, digital media, Judaism},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-5},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Spiritualising the internet: Uncovering discourse and narrative of religious internet usage},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {Heidi Campbell deals with an important aspect of {\textquotedblright}lived religion{\textquotedblright} and the Internet. In her contribution Spiritualising the Internet: Uncovering Discourses and Narratives of Religious Internet Usage, she focuses on how spiritual or religious worldviews shape the use and study of the Internet. Individuals and groups typically employ one of a range of conceptual models (such as the Internet as an information tool, identity workshop, common mental geography, social network or spiritual space) to frame their understanding of Internet technology and how it should be used. Narratives about the nature of this technology are often embedded within these discourses. Of particular interest to Campbell is the identification of narratives used to shape religious or spiritual Internet usage. Some of these can be described as offering a religious identity, support network, spiritual network or worship space. According to Campbell, religious narratives describe the religious group{\textquoteright}s motivations and beliefs about acceptable use of technology in spiritual pursuits. They also highlight a process of negotiation and framing that is often undertaken in order to justify religious Internet usage. Campbell introduces Katz and Aakhus{\textquoteright}s Apparageist theory of the social use of mobile technology, which provides one way to discuss this religious apologetic process related to the Internet. She is convinced that it also helps to uncover how technological selection can be linked to the spiritual worldviews to which individuals and/or groups ascribe.},
	keywords = {internet, religion, technology, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5824/pdf/Campbell4a.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2895,
	title = {Secularization as declining religious authority },
	journal = {Social Forces},
	year = {2994},
	abstract = {Secularization is most productively understood not as declining religion, but as the declining scope of religious authority. A focus on religious authority (1) is more consistent with recent developments in social theory than is a preoccupation with religion; (2) draws on and develops what is best in the secularization literature; and (3) reclaims a neglected Weberian insight concerning the sociological analysis of religion. Several descriptive and theoretical {\textquotedblleft}pay-offs{\textquotedblright} of this conceptual innervation are discussed: new hypotheses concerning the relationship between religion and social movements; the enhanced capacity to conceptually apprehend and empirically investigate secularization among societies, organizations, and individuals; and clearer theoretical connections between secularization and other sociological literatures. Ironically, these connections may indeed spell the end of secularization theory as a distinct body of theory, but in a different way than previously appreciated.
},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/72.3.749},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/72/3/749/2233014?redirectedFrom=PDF},
	author = {Mark Chaves}
}
@article {2838,
	title = {Synecdoche, Aesthetics, and the Sublime Online: Or, What{\textquoteright}s a Religious Internet Meme?},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Hoping to court young people increasingly distancing themselves from institutional religious affiliation, religious organizations like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are creating and circulating aesthetic short-form videos (memes) rife with existential cinematic tropes aimed at invoking a sublime, affective viewing experience. Unlike the destabilizing cinema that inspired them, however, these religious memes do not have the luxury of equivocation. Institutional religious messages online must aim to instill divine experiences in spectators even while transcending the constraints of mobile media that circulates them. Responding to this exigency, institutional religious messages overcome these restrictions by using synecdoche to create a necessarily incomplete iteration of the sublime. {\textquotedblleft}Earthly Father, Heavenly Father,{\textquotedblright} an example of a short video religious meme by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, lets the familiar cinematic tropes innovated by filmmakers such as Terrence Malick do the work of the sublime in order to represent the much larger, transcendent experience of personal communion with God.
},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15348423.2020.1728188?journalCode=hjmr20},
	author = {Church, Scott Haden and Feller, Gavin}
}
@book {2361,
	title = {Spiritual News:Reporting Religion Around the World },
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishers},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishers},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {.
 
SPIRITUAL NEWS:

Reporting Religion Around the World


Yoel Cohen (editor)



     The media{\textquoteright}s coverage of religion is an important question for academic researchers, given the central role which news media play in ensuring  that people are up-to-date with religion news developments.
  
     Not only is there a lack of treatment of the subject in other countries, but there is also the absence of comparative study on news and religion. A key question is how the media, the political system, the religions themselves, the culture, and the economy  influence how religion is reported in different countries. The book SPIRITUAL NEWS: Reporting Religion around 
the World is intended to fill this gap. 

     The book is divided into six parts: an introductory section;  
the newsgathering process; religion reporting in different regions;  media events concerning religion; political and social change and the role of religion news; future trends.

  
TABLE OF CONTENTS


   Part A: Introduction 

 Yoel Cohen: Religion News in the Twenty-First Century

1. Stewart Hoover: Religion and the News in the Age of Media Change


Part B: Newsgathering

2. Joyce Smith, Foreign News: the "Religion Story"

3. Yoel Cohen, The Religion Reporter

4. Miriam Diez Biesch, The Vaticanologists: Covering the Holy See 

5.  Tim Hutchings, Digital Futures of Religion Journalism 

6. Daniel Stout, Convergence, Digital Media, and the Paradigm Shift in Religion News Coverage in the United States



Part C: Regional Patterns

7. Victor Khroul, Religion and News Media in Post-Soviet Russia. 

9. Magali do Nascimento Cunha, Religious Exclusivism and Roman Catholicism in Brazilian News Media

10. Walter C Ihejirika and Andrew D Dewan, Development Journalism \& Religion Reporting: The Nigerian Case

11. Keval Kumar, Reporting Religion in Indian News Media: Hindu Nationalism, {\textquoteleft}Reconversions{\textquoteright} and the Secular State

12. Qingjiang Yao \& Zhaoxi Liu, Media and Religion in China: Publicizing Gods Under the Atheist Governance 


PART D: Media Events

13. Giulia Evolvi, Habemus Papas: Pope Francis{\textquoteright} Election as a Religious Media Event

14. Leo Eko, The Argument of Force Versus the Force of Argument: the Charlie Hebdo Terrorist Attack as a Global Meta Event



PART E: The Influence of Religion Reporting

15. Noha Mellor, Religious Ideologies and News Ethics: the case of Saudi Arabia

16.  Haryati Abdul Karim, Sinners or Alternative Identities? Contrasting Discourses on LGBT Communities in Two Malaysian Daily Newspapers

16. Yoel Cohen, Holy Days, News Media, and Religious Identity: A Case Study in Jewish Holy Days and the Israeli Press and News Websites


PART F:The Impact of New Media upon Religion

19. Lorenzo Cantoni, Daniel Arasa \& Juan Narbona, The Catholic Church and Twitter

18.Christian Bourret and Karim Fraoua, Religion, Social Media and Societal Changes: The Case of "Marriage for All" in France.

19. Babak Rahimi, Internet News, Media Technologies, and Islam: the Case of Shafaqna

},
	author = {Yoel Cohen}
}
@book {2360,
	title = {Spiritual News:Reporting Religion Around the World },
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishers},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishers},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {.
 
SPIRITUAL NEWS:

Reporting Religion Around the World


Yoel Cohen (editor)



     The media{\textquoteright}s coverage of religion is an important question for academic researchers, given the central role which news media play in ensuring  that people are up-to-date with religion news developments.
  
     Not only is there a lack of treatment of the subject in other countries, but there is also the absence of comparative study on news and religion. A key question is how the media, the political system, the religions themselves, the culture, and the economy  influence how religion is reported in different countries. The book SPIRITUAL NEWS: Reporting Religion around 
the World is intended to fill this gap. 

     The book is divided into six parts: an introductory section;  
the newsgathering process; religion reporting in different regions;  media events concerning religion; political and social change and the role of religion news; future trends.

  
TABLE OF CONTENTS


   Part A: Introduction 

 Yoel Cohen: Religion News in the Twenty-First Century

1. Stewart Hoover: Religion and the News in the Age of Media Change


Part B: Newsgathering

2. Joyce Smith, Foreign News: the "Religion Story"

3. Yoel Cohen, The Religion Reporter

4. Miriam Diez Biesch, The Vaticanologists: Covering the Holy See 

5.  Tim Hutchings, Digital Futures of Religion Journalism 

6. Daniel Stout, Convergence, Digital Media, and the Paradigm Shift in Religion News Coverage in the United States



Part C: Regional Patterns

7. Victor Khroul, Religion and News Media in Post-Soviet Russia. 

9. Magali do Nascimento Cunha, Religious Exclusivism and Roman Catholicism in Brazilian News Media

10. Walter C Ihejirika and Andrew D Dewan, Development Journalism \& Religion Reporting: The Nigerian Case

11. Keval Kumar, Reporting Religion in Indian News Media: Hindu Nationalism, {\textquoteleft}Reconversions{\textquoteright} and the Secular State

12. Qingjiang Yao \& Zhaoxi Liu, Media and Religion in China: Publicizing Gods Under the Atheist Governance 


PART D: Media Events

13. Giulia Evolvi, Habemus Papas: Pope Francis{\textquoteright} Election as a Religious Media Event

14. Leo Eko, The Argument of Force Versus the Force of Argument: the Charlie Hebdo Terrorist Attack as a Global Meta Event



PART E: The Influence of Religion Reporting

15. Noha Mellor, Religious Ideologies and News Ethics: the case of Saudi Arabia

16.  Haryati Abdul Karim, Sinners or Alternative Identities? Contrasting Discourses on LGBT Communities in Two Malaysian Daily Newspapers

16. Yoel Cohen, Holy Days, News Media, and Religious Identity: A Case Study in Jewish Holy Days and the Israeli Press and News Websites


PART F:The Impact of New Media upon Religion

19. Lorenzo Cantoni, Daniel Arasa \& Juan Narbona, The Catholic Church and Twitter

18.Christian Bourret and Karim Fraoua, Religion, Social Media and Societal Changes: The Case of "Marriage for All" in France.

19. Babak Rahimi, Internet News, Media Technologies, and Islam: the Case of Shafaqna

},
	author = {Yoel Cohen}
}
@inbook {357,
	title = {Science, Technology and Mission},
	booktitle = {The Local Church in a Global Era: Reflections for a New Century},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Eerdmans},
	organization = {Eerdmans},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {How is the church being affected by globalization? What does wider and more direct contact between the world religions mean for Christians? What is God doing in the midst of such change? This important volume explores the implications of today{\textquoteright}s emerging global society for local churches and Christian mission. Prominent scholars, missionaries, and analysts of world trends relate Christian theology and ethics to five clusters of issues-stewardship, prosperity, and justice; faith, learning, and family; the Spirit, wholeness, and health; Christ, the church, and other religions; and conflict, violence, and mission-issues that pastors and congregations will find critical as they think through the mission of the church in our time. },
	keywords = {Missions, science, technology},
	url = {http://books.google.ca/books?id=uyicpL7_HwAC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Cole-Turner, R.}
}
@article {1195,
	title = {Seeking the Sacred Online: Internet and the Individualization of Religious Life in Quebec},
	journal = {Anthropologica},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2012},
	chapter = {19},
	keywords = {Access to resources, Canada, Contemporary Religious Community, digital cultures, internet, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society},
	url = {http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN\&cpsidt=26049890},
	author = {M Deirdre}
}
@book {256,
	title = {SimChurch: Being the Church in the Virtual World},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Zondervan},
	organization = {Zondervan},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {The meeting place for the church of tomorrow will be a computer screen. Don{\textquoteright}t laugh, and don{\textquoteright}t feel alarmed. The real-world church isn{\textquoteright}t going anywhere until Jesus returns. But the virtual church is already here, and it{\textquoteright}s poised for explosive growth. SimChurch invites you to explore the vision, the concerns, the challenges, and the remarkable possibilities of building Christ{\textquoteright}s kingdom online. What is the virtual church, and what different forms might it take? Will it be an extension of a real-world church, or a separate entity? How will it encourage families to worship together? Is it even possible or healthy to {\textquoteright}be{\textquoteright} the church in the virtual world? If you{\textquoteright}re passionate about the church and evangelism, and if you feel both excitement and concern over the new virtual world the internet is creating, then these are just some of the vital issues you and other postmillennial followers of Jesus must grapple with. Rich in both biblical and current insight, combining exploration and critique, SimChurch opens a long-overdue discussion you can{\textquoteright}t afford to miss.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Church, Virtual},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=a9-1bdvTXiUC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Estes, Douglas}
}
@article {2925,
	title = {The Subject and Power},
	journal = {The University of Chicago Press},
	year = {2000},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343197?seq=1},
	author = {Michel Foucault}
}
@inbook {2123,
	title = {Secularisation and de-institutionalised religion},
	booktitle = {Foundations and Futures in the Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	chapter = {5},
	abstract = {Since the sociology of religion became recognised as a distinct sub-discipline over the last century, the dominance of approaches taking their inspiration from the sociological classics has increasingly been challenged. Empirical findings have brought the notion of secularisation into question; and theorists have sought to deconstruct how we think of {\textquoteleft}religion.{\textquoteright} This collection appraises the continuing influence of the foundational approaches and places these in relation to newly emerging directions in the field.},
	keywords = {de-institutionalized religion, Secular, Sociology of religion},
	issn = {9781351607384},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=HzJDDwAAQBAJ\&oi=fnd\&pg=PT109\&ots=PPdcKpjvv_\&sig=yLkGpjms4Z4B94OIZ3YeruKguVg$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Ganiel, G}
}
@article {2047,
	title = {Strategic Management of Religious Websites: The Case of Israel{\textquoteright}s Orthodox Communities},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-mediated Communication },
	volume = {20},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {467-486},
	abstract = {This study investigates how webmasters of sites affiliated with bounded communities manage tensions created by the open social affordances of the internet. We examine how webmasters strategically manage their respective websites to accommodate their assumed target audiences. Through in-depth interviews with Orthodox webmasters in Israel, we uncover how they cultivate 3 unique strategies -- control, layering, and guiding -- to contain information flows. We thereby elucidate how web strategies reflect the relationships between community, religion and CMC.},
	keywords = {fundamentalism, internet, Orthodox Judaism, religious communities online, websites},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcc4.12118},
	author = {Golan, O and Campbell, H}
}
@article {2050,
	title = {Studying Religion in Digital Gaming: A Critical Review of an Emerging Field},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of the study of religion and gaming by outlining the dominant approaches, development and themes in this new interdisciplinary field of inquiry. It highlights dominant thematic and methodological approaches currently within the field of religion and digital games studies including the study of religiously-themed games, the role religion plays in mainstream games, and how gaming can be seen as a form of {\textquotedblleft}implicit religion". This critical review is contextualized in relation to the studies presented in a forthcoming book, Playing with Religion in Digital Games, which maps key theoretical approaches and interpretive trends related to how different expressions of religion and religiosity are manifested in various gaming genres and narratives. We show that digital games are an important site of exploration into the intersection of religion and contemporary culture helping us understand what religion is, does, and means in a changing contemporary society.},
	keywords = {digital games, game studies, Implicit religion, Narrative, play, video games},
	url = {https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/12183},
	author = {Grieve, G. P and Campbell, H}
}
@book {136,
	title = {The Soul in Cyberspace},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Hourglass Books/Baker Books},
	organization = {Hourglass Books/Baker Books},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {This book evaluates the emerging technologies of cyberspace in relation to their effects on our society and souls, and deals especially with the potential pitfall of becoming informationally rich but spiritually deprived.},
	keywords = {cyberspace, information, Soul, spiritual deprivation},
	author = {Groothuis, Douglas}
}
@article {1168,
	title = {Searching for Integrity: The Politics of Mindfulness in the Digital Economy},
	journal = {Nomos Journal},
	year = {2013},
	month = {August 5, 2013},
	chapter = {http://nomosjournal.org/2013/08/searching-for-integrity/},
	abstract = {This essay examines the adaptation of meditation, yoga, and other {\textquotedblleft}mindfulness{\textquotedblright} techniques by digital media companies like Google, Apple, and Facebook. This adaptation is ironic, considering that many critics and scholars suggest that the products and services offered by these companies undermine the achievement of mindfulness. In fact, some critics call for mindfulness training specifically to counter-act the cognitive impacts of smartphones, social media, and personalized search engines. I argue that we should understand this irony as an outgrowth of the process of externalization in market capitalism. In this case, Silicon Valley companies create {\textquotedblleft}integrity bubbles{\textquotedblright} that allow employees and executives to reap the benefits of mindfulness, while externalizing the problems of distraction and fragmentation. The resolution of this tension would mean the reconfiguration of the digital economy as we know it, in the spirit of {\textquotedblleft}digital humanism.{\textquotedblright} This goal requires a more holistic approach to the politics of mindfulness that examines both personal and civic mindfulness, the latter of which includes a contemplative approach to critical media studies and the revitalization of journalism as a public good.},
	keywords = {contemplative media studies, Edward Snowden, Google, integrity, journalism, mindfulness},
	issn = {2165-8668},
	url = {http://nomosjournal.org/2013/08/searching-for-integrity/},
	author = {Healey, Kevin}
}
@article {224,
	title = {Surfing for Salvation},
	journal = {Religion},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {293-302},
	abstract = {I demonstrate that despite the enormous amount of religion on the Internet, a general classification can be developed based upon the religious participation occurring at the various websites. I recognise these classifications as {\textquoteleft}religion-online{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}online-religion{\textquoteright}. Religion-online presents information about religion. It is a controlled environment. The site has been structured to limit participation. In contrast, online-religion provides an interactive religious environment for the web practitioner. Because of this difference, individuals and organisations have different perceptions concerning how the Internet should be used for religious purposes. In many cases there is an active form of religious participation occurring. Rituals are conducted, prayers are posted and even communion is carried out on this medium. In other situations the Internet presents material concerning religion to a passively receptive audience. Despite these levels of control, the web surfer is exposed to an enormous number of belief systems and also varying levels of online religious participation.},
	keywords = {Classification, Participation, Perception, Purpose, religion online},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com/research/surfing-for-salvation/$\#$},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@inbook {230,
	title = {A symbolic universe. Information terrorism and new religions in cyberspace},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {102-117},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. <br>Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&pg=PA102\&lpg=PA102\&dq=A+symbolic+universe.+Information+terrorism+and+new+religions+in+cyberspace\&source=bl\&ots=0g7s_vZDjJ\&sig=Vq5Q0EyKiK4h1OPdqI5QlpOHaeI\&hl=en\&ei=_mG8Tp7CMeHK2AW1nOG0BQ\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=},
	author = {Introvingne, Massimo}
}
@inbook {229,
	title = {So Many Evil Things: Anti-Cult Terrorism via the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion on the Internet: Research prospects and promises},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {277-306},
	publisher = {JAI Press},
	organization = {JAI Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Religion on the Internet is the first systematic inquiry into the nature, scope and content of religion in cyberspace. Contributors to this volume include leading social scientists engaged in systematic studies of how organizations and individuals are presenting religion on the Internet. Their combined efforts provide a conceptual mapping of religion in cyberspace at this moment. The individual papers and collective insights found in this volume add up to a valuable agenda of research that will enrich understanding of this new phenomenon. Among the contributors are the founders of three of the most important scholarly religion web sites on the Internet: American Religion Data Archive, Religious Tolerance, and Religious Movements Homepage.<br>Religion and the Internet is essential reading for all who seek to understand how religion is being presented on the Internet and how this topic is likely to unfold in the years ahead.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_on_the_Internet.html?id=xXVgQgAACAAJ},
	author = {Introvingne, Massimo}
}
@article {81,
	title = {Searching for salvation: An analysis of U.S. religious searching on the World Wide Web},
	journal = {Religion},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {39-52},
	abstract = {The goals of this research were to answer three questions. How predominant is religious searching online? How do people interact withWeb search engines when searching for religious information? How effective are these interactions in locating relevant information? Specifically, referring to a US demographic, we analyzed five data sets from Web search engine, collected between 1997 and 2005, of over a million queries each in order to investigate religious searching on the Web. Results point to four key findings. First, there is no evidence of a decrease in religious Web-searching behaviors. Religious interest is a persistent topic of Web searching. Second, those seeking religious information on the Web are becoming slightly more interactive in their searching. Third, there is no evidence for a move away from mainstream religions toward non-mainstream religions since the majority of the search terms are associated with established religions. Fourth, our work does not support the hypothesis that traditional religious affiliation is associated with lower adoption of or sophistication with technology. These factors point to the Web as a potentially usefully communication medium for a variety of religious organizations.},
	keywords = {online religions, religious related searching, religious searching, web religious searching},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6WWN-4X66CC1-1\&_user=10\&_coverDate=01\%2F31\%2F2010\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=high\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_searchStrId=1395882929\&_rerunOrigin=google\&_acct=C000050221\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_us},
	author = {Bernard Jansen and Andrea Tapia and Amanda Spink}
}
@proceedings {533,
	title = {Service Design Model of the Online Virtual   Church in Second Life{\textregistered}},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {ChiNL {\textquoteright}09},
	address = {Leiden, The Netherlands},
	author = {Emil R. Kaburuan and Chen, Chien-Hsu and Jeng, Tay-Sheng}
}
@article {2852,
	title = {Swipe Left to Pray. Analyzing Authority and Transcendence in Prayer Apps},
	journal = {Entangled Religions},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {This paper centers on a fairly new phenomenon in digital religion: prayer apps. After an overview of their typical features, the paper will present a number of analytical perspectives on such apps, arguing that investing in theoretical work is needed, particularly in a young research field. Starting points are provided by Heidi Campbell{\textquoteright}s four-layer model of religious authority, Michel Foucault{\textquoteright}s concept of {\textquotedblleft}technologies of the self,{\textquotedblright} Birgit Meyer{\textquoteright}s understanding of religion as a practice of mediation, and by the conceptualization of the transcendence/immanence distinction developed at the K{\"a}te Hamburger Kolleg Dynamics of the History of Religions Between Asia and Europe at the Center for Religious Studies, Ruhr-Univers{\"a}t Bochum. With regards to authority, it will be pointed out that prayer apps employ highly different strategies of authorization. These include the evocation of traditional authority, building trust through the use of familiar design language (often borrowed from outside the religious field), and self-imposed strategies aimed at the {\textquoteleft}improvement{\textquoteright} of the individual believer. As for the transcendence/immanence-distinction, it will be argued that it is important to differentiate between prayer apps that have a more auxiliary character, helping users to prepare their offline praying practice, and those apps that allow users to pray directly on their phone {\textendash} which has significant implications for the understanding of transcendence. 
},
	url = {https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/8672},
	author = {Karis, Tim}
}
@article {2964,
	title = {Social informatics. In Encyclopaedia of Lis},
	journal = {Kluwer Publishing},
	year = {2001},
	url = {www.slis.indiana.edu/SI/si2001.html (no longer available online)},
	author = {Kling, R.}
}
@article {1498,
	title = {Symbol of the cross in popular culture. The analysis of the use and transformation of the symbol in the {\textquotedblleft}Machina{\textquotedblright} magazine},
	journal = {Polish Sociological Review},
	volume = {2/2013},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {13},
	type = {original research article},
	chapter = {209},
	abstract = {The article focuses on the use and transformation of religious symbols in popular culture. The Polish popculture {\textquotedblleft}Machina{\textquotedblright} magazine was chosen as a case study. Popular culture, based strongly on visual communication, has fluid canons and is of an (auto)ironic nature. Symbols from different domains are transformed within this culture so that they fit its rules of communication. Religious symbols have been used extensively in {\textquotedblleft}Machina{\textquotedblright} in a conventional, humorous, and deriding manner. According to the results of the analysis, the use of religious symbols in popular culture is inevitably connected to the overlapping of religious communication and popcultural communication, which creates a particular ambivalence of the meaning of the symbol. One should ask if resulting adaptations of religious symbols by popular culture might be considered to be a process of desacralisation. On the basis of the above-mentioned case study, one cannot give an unequivocal answer. Although popcultural communication may lead to simplification and deconstruction of symbols, one cannot claim it is de-symbolised as such. Desymbolisation and desacralisation are ongoing processes, but they are parallel to the process of creation and transformation of symbols as well. The research may be an inspiration for further analysis of the way religious symbols function within the realm of popular culture. },
	author = {Marta Kolodziejska}
}
@article {2967,
	title = {Starting a Northland house church},
	journal = {Northland Wb Log},
	year = {2008},
	url = {http://www.northlandchurch.net/blogs/starting_a_northland_house_church/},
	author = {Lacich, D.}
}
@book {236,
	title = {Shifting Realities: Information Technology and the Church},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {WCC Publications},
	organization = {WCC Publications},
	address = {Geneva},
	abstract = {Information technology is changing the world in ways that profoundly affect us whether or not we ever use a computer. While some Christians greet these developments with enthusiasm and others with alarm, most seem to regard them with uncertainty and ambivalence. The author describes how churches are discovering ecumenical applications of new technologies, and explores the relation between Christian understandings of the "Word" and contemporary information technologies; the "underside" of information technology (threats to privacy and the availability of hate literature and pornography on the Internet); and what all this does to our perceptions of reality and the way the Christian gospel is communicated today.

},
	keywords = {Church, information, technology},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Shifting_realities.html?id=U2oQAQAAIAAJ},
	author = {Lochhead, David}
}
@inbook {195,
	title = {A Space Set Apart? Young People Exploring The Sacred On The Internet},
	booktitle = {In Implications of the Sacred in (Post)Modern Media},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {252-272},
	publisher = {Nordicom},
	organization = {Nordicom},
	address = {G{\"o}teborg},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, Mia}
}
@book {2830,
	title = {The Sacred in the Modern World: A Cultural Sociological Approach},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	abstract = {The central aim of this book is to provide a theoretical framework for using the concept of the sacred as a tool for social and cultural analysis. It differentiates between ontological theories of the sacred which locate the sacred in the essence of the cosmos or the human person, and a cultural sociological approach which understands the sacred as culturally constructed. Adopting the latter, a critical re-reading is given of Emile Durkheim{\textquoteright}s understanding of the sacred, and of later theoretical contributions made by Edward Shils, Robert Bellah, and Jeffrey Alexander. Using this framework, the intersection of multiple sacred forms is used to analyse the cultural meanings surrounding the systemic abuse and neglect of children within the Irish industrial school system. The role of public media in circulating sacred meanings is also discussed, and the case of the BBC{\textquoteright}s refusal to air a humanitarian appeal for Gaza in 2009 is explored to demonstrate the tensions between the sacred function of public media and journalistic notions of impartiality. The book concludes by examining whether human society without sacred forms is possible, and argues that the communicative structure of the sacred underlies the very notion of moral, human society. A critical approach to the sacred is required which involves both a recognition of the harm that can be done through the pursuit of sacred commitments, and the development of critical practices that make it possible to understand the significance of the sacred in social life.},
	keywords = {child abuse, cultural sociology, Edward Shils, Emile Durkheim, industrial schools, Jeffrey Alexander, media, Robert Bellah, Sacred},
	url = {https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557011.001.0001/acprof-9780199557011},
	author = {Lynch, Gordon}
}
@article {198,
	title = {S(l)Pirituality. Immersive Worlds as a Window to Spirituality Phenomena},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2008},
	abstract = {This paper focuses on several conceptual and methodological considerations for studying spirituality in Massive Multiuser Online Environments (MMOEs), taking Second Life (SL) as our main case study. This inquiry represents the follow-up of two previous research lines, one related with pop-esoteric products and operational belief system, and the other with communication patterns and social networks within online environments. Hence, our current objective pretends to highlight how operational belief articulates, or acquires meaning, through users{\textquoteright} interaction inside online environments.},
	keywords = {Phenomena, Spirituality},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2008/8295/pdf/martinez.pdf},
	author = {Martinez-Z{\'a}rate, Pablo and Corduneanu, Isabela and Martinez, Luiz M}
}
@article {473,
	title = {Some methodological reflections about the study of religions on video sharing websites},
	journal = {Marburg Journal of Religion},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {filming, religion and internet, sharing, video},
	url = {http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/ivk/mjr/past_issues/2008-2010$\#$2008},
	author = {Pasche, Florence}
}
@article {2741,
	title = {Social media as third spaces? Exploring Muslim identity and connection in Tumblr},
	journal = {International Communication Gazette},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {Third spaces have been imagined as sites of resistance, where hegemonic and normative understandings of the world may be challenged. New media are often imagined to have this liberatory potential as well, particularly for those individuals who experience social, cultural, or political marginalization. This research considers whether social media might help facilitate third spaces. It takes as a case for exploring this topic the experience of 188 Muslim bloggers in social networking site Tumblr. Many of these individuals live in non-Muslim majority countries and say they sometimes feel stuck between identities. The qualitative analysis of their blogs, as well as interviews with 30 of the bloggers, seeks to understand how Tumblr can facilitate third spaces where these bloggers can explore the hybrid nature of their identities while connecting to others who share that experience.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1748048518802208?journalCode=gazb},
	author = {Pennington, Rosemary}
}
@inbook {202,
	title = {Seeking For Truth. Plausibility on a Baha{\textquoteright}i Email List},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {135-150},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. 
Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&pg=PA86\&lpg=PA86\&dq=Seeking+For+Truth.+Plausibility+on+a+Baha{\textquoteright}i+Email+List\&source=bl\&ots=0g7sYqYznH\&sig=H_ZTgaDf71gl8_DVD4SHcbH4aEg\&hl=en\&ei=HYy4TvO4GayqsALk9rHBCA\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=5\&ved=0C},
	author = {Piff, David and Warburg, Margit}
}
@article {305,
	title = {Streetbook: How Egyptian and Tunisian youth hacked the Arab Spring},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {70-82},
	keywords = {Arab Spring, social media},
	url = {http://www.technologyreview.com/web/38379/},
	author = {John Pollock}
}
@article {1286,
	title = {Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies},
	abstract = {Shofar, a quarterly, interdisciplinary journal of Jewish studies, is the official journal of the Midwest and Western Jewish Studies Associations. Under the editorship of Zev Garber and Peter Haas and a distinguished editorial board, Shofar ranges far and wide in a multidisciplinary world that spans four thousand years. It publishes original, scholarly work for a general university audience and reviews a wide range of recent books in Judaica.},
	keywords = {diaspora, history, Jewish Community, Jewish studies, Jews, journal, Judaica, popular culture},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/shofar/},
	author = {Purdue University Press}
}
@article {1593,
	title = {The Sacred in Bits and Pixels: An Analysis of the Interactional Interface in Brazilian Catholic Online Rituals},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture (JRMDC)},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2014},
	chapter = {82},
	abstract = {Through digital technologies, a new form of communicational interaction between the user and the sacred occurs in an online religious experience. This phenomenon is illustrated in practice by numerous religious services present in the online Catholic environment, which manifest new modes of discourse and religious practices, beyond the scope of the traditional church {\textendash} what I term here {\textquotedblleft}online rituals{\textquotedblright} {\textendash} marked by a process of mediatization of religion. In this paper, from a corpus of four Brazilian websites, I analyze key concepts for the understanding of this phenomenon, including digital mediatization and interface. I examine, in these Brazilian Catholic websites, the communicational configurations of the religious experience from five areas of the interactional interface: the screen; peripherals; the organizational structure of content on websites; the graphic composition of the webpages; and possible interface failures. Finally, I examine a shift in the communicational dynamics of religion today, marked by new materialities present in online religious rituals.},
	keywords = {Brazil, Catholic Church, Catholicism, Interaction, interface, internet, mediatization, mediatization of religion, online rituals, religion, technology},
	issn = {2165-9214},
	url = {http://jrmdc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Sbardelotto-Catholic-Sacred.pdf},
	author = {Mois{\'e}s Sbardelotto}
}
@inbook {2121,
	title = {The Significance of Non-Participatory Digital Religion},
	booktitle = {Digital Hinduism: Dharma and Discourse in the Age of New Media},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Lexington Books},
	organization = {Lexington Books},
	chapter = {1},
	abstract = {This edited volume seeks to build a scholarly discourse about how Hinduism is being defined, reformed, and rearticulated in the digital era and how these changes are impacting the way Hindus view their own religious identities. It seeks to interrogate how digital Hinduism has been shaped in response to the dominant framing of the religion, which has often relied on postcolonial narratives devoid of context and an overemphasis on the geopolitics of the Indian subcontinent post-partition. From this perspective, this volume challenges previous frameworks of how Hinduism has been studied, particularly in the West, where Marxist and Orientalist approaches are often ill-fitting paradigms to understanding Hinduism. This volume engages with and critiques some of these approaches while also enriching existing models of research within media studies, ethnography, cultural studies, and religion.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Hinduism, non-participatory},
	issn = {978-1498559171},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=irNFDwAAQBAJ\&oi=fnd\&pg=PA3\&ots=dYssx4peYU\&sig=sbJlVpGgZujcmVRVHwctsemfhWk$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Scheifinger, H}
}
@article {205,
	title = {The Sacred and the Virtual: Religion in Multi-User Virtual Reality},
	journal = {Journal of Computer Mediated Communication },
	volume = {4},
	year = {1994},
	abstract = {This paper explores the social interaction among participants in a church service in an online multi-user virtual reality (VR) environment. It examines some of the main features of prayer meetings in a religiously-oriented virtual world and also what sets this world apart from other virtual worlds. Next, it examines some of the issues of research ethics and methods that are raised in the study of online behavior in virtual worlds. The paper then analyzes the text exchanges between participants in a virtual church service and some of the ways in which these compare with the content of a conventional church service. Finally, the paper draws out some implications for our understanding of the relation between interaction in the virtual and in the {\textquotedblleft}real{\textquotedblright} world.},
	keywords = {Church, Interaction, Sacred, Virtual},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1998.tb00092.x/full},
	author = {Schroeder, Ralph and Heather, Noel and Lee, Raymond M.}
}
@article {3011,
	title = {Speculative post on the idea of algorithmic authority },
	year = {2009},
	url = {https://stoweboyd.typepad.com/message/2009/11/a-speculative-post-on-the-idea-of-algorithmic-authority-clay-shirky.html},
	author = {Shirky, C. A.}
}
@inbook {2145,
	title = {Social media and Islamic practice: Indonesian ways of being digitally pious},
	booktitle = {Digital Indonesia: Connectivity and Divergence},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {146-162},
	publisher = {ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute},
	organization = {ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute},
	abstract = {This book places Indonesia at the forefront of the global debate about the impact of {\textquoteright}disruptive{\textquoteright} digital technologies. Digital technology is fast becoming the core of life, work, culture and identity. Yet, while the number of Indonesians using the Internet has followed the upward global trend, some groups -- the poor, the elderly, women, the less well-educated, people living in remote communities -- are disadvantaged. This interdisciplinary collection of essays by leading researchers and scholars, as well as e-governance and e-commerce insiders, examines the impact of digitalisation on the media industry, governance, commerce, informal sector employment, education, cybercrime, terrorism, religion, artistic and cultural expression, and much more. It presents groundbreaking analysis of the impact of digitalisation in one of the world{\textquoteright}s most diverse, geographically vast nations. In weighing arguments about the opportunities and challenges presented by digitalisation, it puts the very idea of a technological {\textquoteright}revolution{\textquoteright} into critical perspective.},
	keywords = {Digital, Indonesian, Islamic, social media},
	issn = {9789814762991},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=rpsnDwAAQBAJ\&dq=9+Social+media+and+Islamic+practice:+Indonesian+ways+of+being+digitally+pious\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Slama, M}
}
@article {2737,
	title = {Seeking new language: Patriarch Kirill{\textquoteright}s media strategy},
	journal = {Religion, State and Society},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {Media have become important arenas where religious institutions, alongside other players, articulate moral values and seek to shape societal norms and identities. Patriarch Kirill recognised early on the potential of using the media in spreading the Russian Orthodox Church{\textquoteright}s mission and reaching out to wider audiences. From the very first days of his enthronement on 1 February 2009 he has taken the lead in developing a comprehensive media strategy aimed at increasing the Church{\textquoteright}s presence in the public sphere. Both his words and deeds provide evidence of a momentous turnaround in the Church{\textquoteright}s information and communication policy. His pursuit to endorse a revisited media strategy is determined by attempts to influence and control the way Russian Orthodoxy is portrayed in the public sphere. Moreover, the development of a large-scale media policy is motivated by the rising criticism towards the Church, voiced most notably on the internet. Based on the analysis of original and previously unexplored sources, this article illustrates the impact of media on a traditional religious organisation such as the Russian Orthodox Church and the response of the Church{\textquoteright}s leadership to emerging challenges in a radically changing media environment.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09637494.2018.1510213?journalCode=crss20},
	author = {Staehle, Hanna}
}
@article {1190,
	title = {A Study of Church/Ministry Internet Usage},
	journal = {Journal of Ministry Marketing \& Management},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2002},
	chapter = {23},
	abstract = {This manuscript reports the results of a national survey of Internet use by churches and ministries. The mail survey to a random sample of 500 churches and ministries sought to determine the proportion of churches/ministries with Internet access, how the Internet was being used by their organization, and organizational characteristics. A total of 448 questionnaires were delivered and 113 were returned resulting in a response rate of 25.2\%.

About 93 percent of the respondents surveyed reported using a computer. Of that 93 percent, about 70 percent reported they had Internet access. When asked about how the Internet has helped their church, respondents reported communications with others as the most important benefit, followed by staying better informed on products and services, and as a research tool for sermons and Bible studies.

Among respondent churches who had Internet access, about 37 percent had a webpage. Of those who did not have a webpage, 58 percent plan on having one within a year. The most common ways churches use their website were found to be (1) describing features of the church such as service times or scheduled events, (2) creating a way to communicate with others about the church, (3) providing a way for people to contact the church by e-mail, and (4) image creation.

Respondents cited several benefits of having a website: (1) improved communication, (2) increased member knowledge about church programs and (3) increased attendance at church services or activities.},
	keywords = {Church, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, internet, Internet access, Internet use by churches and ministries, Mass media, national survey, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online activities, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, religious organizations, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media and religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J093v07n01_03$\#$.Uin3-Masim5},
	author = {Robert E. Stevens and Paul Dunn and David L. Loudon and Henry S. Cole}
}
@article {57,
	title = {Soul-Searching on Facebook},
	year = {2009},
	month = {August 30, 2009},
	abstract = {Such public proclamations of beliefs used to require a baptism in water, or a circumcision, or learning the five pillars of Islam. Now Facebook users announce their spiritual identity with the stroke of a few keys. And what they are typing into the open-ended box offers a revealing peek into modern faith and what happens to that faith as it migrates online.},
	url = {http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/29/AR2009082902400.html?sid=ST2009082902522},
	author = {William Wan}
}
@inbook {394,
	title = {Studying the Internet through the Ages},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Internet Studies},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {17-23},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	organization = {Blackwell},
	address = {Oxford},
	abstract = {The Handbook of Internet Studies brings together scholars from a variety of fields to explore the profound shift that has occurred in how we communicate and experience our world as we have moved from the industrial era into the age of digital media. },
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=3CakiQW_GVAC\&pg=PA17\&lpg=PA17\&dq=Studying+the+Internet+through+the+Ages\&source=bl\&ots=7jItTrTTkF\&sig=nJOUdr-vI5dRfuLYlayzhWhlVIk\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=wlcsT4LzLujm2gXVjL3GCg\&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg$\#$v=onepage\&q=Studying\%20the\%20Internet\%20},
	author = {Wellman, B.}
}
@article {2752,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}The story God is weaving us into{\textquotedblright}: narrativizing grief, faith, and infant loss in US evangelical women{\textquoteright}s blog communities},
	journal = {New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {This case study explores how US evangelical Christian "mommy blog" communities constitute spaces for the collective memorialization of infant loss. Personal religious blogs feature a rich combination of esthetics, narrative structure, description of religious practices and beliefs, reader interaction, and linked networks. Using a textual approach, I illustrate distinctive features in how pregnancy and infant loss and grief are experienced, shared and memorialized in US women{\textquoteright}s evangelical blogging communities. I argue that the blog format allows for a (re)narrativization of the devastating experience of infant loss as grieving mothers situate their traumatic personal experiences within the context of an ongoing religious narrative in which blog readers also come to participate. As the blogger tells the story of her own loss to a listening public, it becomes a larger shared story, so that it is not just the child{\textquoteright}s story but also the author{\textquoteright}s story, their family{\textquoteright}s story, and "our story" inclusive of the blog community of readers, "the story God is weaving us into," post by post, day by day. Personal religious blogs and their reading publics, therefore, can provide a medium for the ongoing creation of meaning, faith and community in the context of infant loss.
},
	url = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NRvHM..21...42W/abstract},
	author = {Whitehead, Deborah}
}
@article {3022,
	title = {The social shaping of technology},
	journal = {Research Policy},
	year = {2996},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the growing body of research that explores {\textquoteleft}the social shaping of technology{\textquoteright} (SST) {\textemdash} how the design and implementation of technology are patterned by a range of {\textquoteleft}social{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}economic{\textquoteright} factors as well as narrowly {\textquoteleft}technical{\textquoteright} considerations. It shows how researchers from a range of disciplinary backgrounds were brought together by a critique of traditional conceptions of technology (for example, {\textquoteleft}linear models{\textquoteright} of innovation that privileged technological supply or restricted the scope of social inquiry into technology to assessing its {\textquoteleft}impacts{\textquoteright}). Though their analytical frameworks differ to a greater or lesser extent in terminology and approach, some explanatory concepts have emerged, and constitute an effective model of the innovation process. Here, it is suggested, SST offers a deeper understanding and also potentially broadens the technology policy agenda. These claims are assessed through a review of recent research into specific instances of social shaping, particularly in relation to information technology. Finally the article discusses some of the intellectual dilemmas in the field. Though the intellectual cross-fertilisation has been creative, points of tension and divergence between its constituent strands have resulted in some sharp controversies, which reflect upon the theoretical and policy claims of SST.},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0048733396008852},
	author = {Williams, R. and Edge, D.}
}
@article {2760,
	title = {Surveying digital religion in China: Characteristics of religion on the Internet in Mainland China},
	journal = {The Communication Review},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {China{\textquoteright}s distinct development of the Internet has provided religious populations within its mainland access, allowing them to create practices and resources related to the development of religion online. Yet this phenomenon has been understudied both within the current Chinese research on the Internet and international studies of digital religion online. This article provides an overview of digital religion in the Chinese context by identifying and exploring the main characteristics of Buddhism, Islam, and Protestantism manifest online. This is done by providing an overview of current research and profiling the development of different forms of digital religious expression found in China. Through this we show how the concept of digital religion is manifest in China and how this compares to Western understandings of such practices, and we highlight the unique characteristics defining the Chinese religious digital landscape.},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328535284_Surveying_digital_religion_in_China_Characteristics_of_religion_on_the_Internet_in_Mainland_China},
	author = {Xu, Shengju and Campbell, Heidi A.}
}
@book {173,
	title = {The Soul of Cyberspace},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {HarperEdge},
	organization = {HarperEdge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In a pioneering journey to faith{\textquoteright}s new frontier--cyberspace, where traditional religions are reinvented and new ones are created--the acclaimed coauthor of "Transformations: Awakening to the Sacred in Ourselves" charts technology{\textquoteright}s radical impact on the ways in which the world prays, worships, preaches, and believes.},
	author = {Zaleski, Jeff}
}
@inbook {345,
	title = {Silicon Valley New Age: The Co-Constitution of the Digital and the Sacred},
	booktitle = {Religions of Modernity: Relocating the Sacred to the Self and the Digital},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {161-185},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {Leiden},
	keywords = {New Age, religon and technology},
	author = {Zandbergen, Dorien and Aupers, Stef and Houtman, Dick}
}
